Tuntutan Undang-Undang dan Pendekatan Malaysia di dalam Kes Pulau Ligitan, Pulau Sipadan dan Pedra Branca (Malaysia’s Legal Claims and Approaches in the Cases of Ligitan, Sipadan and Pedra Banca)

Azlie Ismail, Geetha Govindasamy

Abstract


Tujuan artikel ini adalah untuk memaparkan penggunaan instrumen perundangan antarabangsa oleh kerajaan Malaysia di dalam menjustifikasikan tuntutan maritimnya di samping menjelaskan keputusan yang diambil oleh Mahkamah Keadilan Antarabangsa/International Court of Justice (ICJ). Secara umumnya, negaranegara Asia Tenggara enggan menyelesaikan konflik pertikaian wilayah menerusi penglibatan institusi keadilan antarabangsa. Namun, Malaysia mengambil keputusan untuk merujuk isu pertikaian wilayah dengan Indonesia dan Singapura berhubung dengan Pulau Ligitan dan Sipadan serta pemilikan Pedra Branca ke ICJ. Pada masa yang sama, konflik hak dan kedaulatan ke atas Pedra Branca ini juga melibatkan Batuan Tengah (Middle Rocks) dan Tubir Selatan (South Ledge) yang turut terletak di Selat Singapura. Justeru itu, kajian yang berbentuk kualitatif ini menyoroti semula kronologi status kedua-dua kes berkenaan berdasarkan kepada aspek sejarah, undang-undang antarabangsa dan perlaksanaan kawalan efektif. Kemudiannya, keputusan ICJ dikaji untuk memahami bagaimana status dan pemilikan sesebuah wilayah ditentukan. Dalam hal ini, ICJ memutuskan bahawa kedaulatan Pulau Ligitan dan Sipadan adalah milik Malaysia manakala Pedra Branca diberikan kepada Singapura. Berdasarkan Malaysia sebagai pewaris kepada Kesultanan Johor, ICJ memberikan Middle Rocks kepada Kuala Lumpur. Pihak Mahkamah sedia maklum bahawa South Ledge terletak pada ketinggian air pasang rendah. Disebabkan tidak terdapat sebarang persetujuan sempadan maritim yang jelas, maka ICJ menyerahkan soal hak dan kedaulatan South Ledge kepada Malaysia dan Singapura. Hasil analisis mendapati prinsip kawalan efektif dan kegagalan menyuarakan sebarang bantahan terhadap pelbagai aktiviti menjadi faktor-faktor penentu dalam memutuskan status pemilikan wilayah. Melalui penerimaan keputusan mahkamah secara terbuka, Malaysia telah menunjukkan kesediaannya untuk mengimplementasikan keakurannya terhadap undang-undang antarabangsa dengan penuh kepercayaan, semata-mata bagi mengukuhkan hubungan baik sesama negara jirannya. Maka, kes Pulau Ligitan dan Sipadan serta Pedra Branca boleh menjadi rujukan kepada negara-negara lain yang mempunyai konflik yang sama. Dengan berbuat demikian, keamanan dan kestabilan rantau dapat dikekalkan.

 

Kata kunci: Malaysia; Ligitan; Sipadan; Pedra Branca; Makhamah Keadilan Antarangsa

 

Abstract

 

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the use of international legal instruments by the Malaysian government in justifying its maritime claims and explaining the decisions taken by the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Generally, Southeast Asian countries are reluctant to resolve conflicts of territorial disputes through the involvement of international justice institutions. Nevertheless, Malaysia decided to refer its territorial disputes with Indonesia and Singapore in relations to Pulau Ligitan and Sipadan as well as the ownership of Pedra Branca to the ICJ. At the same time, rights and sovereignty over Pedra Branca also involved Middle Rocks (Batuan Tengah) and South Ledge (Tubir Selatan), which are also located in the Straits of Singapore. Consequently, this qualitative study highlights the chronology of both cases based on the aspects of history, international law and the implementation of effective control. Next, the ICJ's findings are reviewed to comprehend how the status and ownership of a territory is determined. In this case, the ICJ decided that the sovereignty of Ligitan and Sipadan Islands belonged to Malaysia while Pedra Branca was granted to Singapore. Based on Malaysia as the successor to the Johor Sultanate, the ICJ granted Middle Rocks to Kuala Lumpur. The Court acknowledged South Ledge as being located at a low tide elevation. Due to the absence of any clear maritime boundary agreements, the ICJ handed the issue of the rights and sovereignty of South Ledge over to Malaysia and Singapore. The results of the analysis found that the principle of effective control and the failure to voice out any objections to the several activities conducted became the determining factors in deciding the status of the territorial ownership. By openly accepting the Court’s judgments, Malaysia demonstrated its willingnessas well as trust in implementing its compliance to international law, solely in order to strengthen good relations with its neighbors. Therefore, the cases of Ligitan and Sipadan Islands and Pedra Branca can be examples to other countries that have similar conflicts. In so doing, peace and stability of the region is able to be sustained.

 

Keywords: Malaysia: Ligitan; Sipadan; Pedra Banca; Court of Justice



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