Mekanisme Kerajaan dengan Kerajaan (G2g) Malaysia: Perbandingan “Employment Permit System (Eps)” di Korea Selatan (Government to Government (G2g) Mechanism in Malaysia: Comparison With The Employment Permit System (Eps) in South Korea)
Abstract
Mekanisme pengurusan kemasukan pekerja asing adalah penting untuk memastikan jumlah pekerja asing yang terdapat di negara penerima adalah mencukupi dan tidak memberi kesan negatif kepada penduduk tempatan. Mekanisme biasa iaitu penggunaan agensi pengrekrutan dikatakan telah mendatangkan pelbagai masalah seperti manipulasi maklumat pekerjaan dan mengenakan kos melampau yang perlu dibiayai pekerja asing serta majikan. Inisiatif Malaysia dalam melaksanakan mekanisme kerajaan dengan kerajaan (G2G) dengan Bangladesh di dalam sektor perladangan mulai November 2012 telah mendapat maklumbalas positif daripada Pertubuhan Buruh Antarabangsa (ILO) dan menyarankan agar Malaysia meluaskan perlaksanaannya. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk membuat perbandingan mekanisme G2G Malaysia dan Employment Permit System (EPS) Korea Selatan yang diiktiraf sebagai amalan tebaik oleh ILO untuk mengenalpasti elemen persamaan, perbezaan dan penambahbaikan yang boleh diterapkan di dalam mekanisme G2G Malaysia dengan memberi fokus kepada pengurangan eksploitasi agensi pengrekrutan. Perbandingan dibuat dengan menghubungkan tema dan kategori yang timbul (mapping) di dalam kedua-dua kes supaya amalan di Malaysia boleh dinilai dengan mengambil EPS Korea sebagai penanda aras. Sumber data yang digunakan ialah dokumen, mesyuarat, laporan berkaitan, temuduga dan pengetahuan pengkaji semasa berkhidmat di Kementerian Sumber Manusia (KSM). Satu penemuan yang signifikan ialah mekanisme G2G Malaysia perlu menggunakan pendekatan yang lebih holistik dengan meluaskan perkhidmatan kepada pekerja asing walaupun selepas kepulangan mereka ke negara asal. Langkah ini sangat penting dalam memastikan pekerja asing yang telah berkhidmat di negara destinasi dan telah pulang ke negara asal tidak akan kembali sebagai pendatang tanpa izin (PATI). Akhirnya, negara destinasi dan negara sumber akan mendapat manfaat bersama.
Kata kunci: Pekerja asing; jaringan sosial; agensi pengrekrutan; mekanisme G2G; dan Employment Permit System (EPS)
Abstract
The mechanism to manage foreign labor is important to ensure sufficient foreign labor supply in the host country without adversely affecting the local population. The existing mechanism of labor recruitment through the recruitment agencies has been subject to numerous complaints such as fraudulent manipulation of information and exorbitant fees incurred for both the migrants and employers. Malaysia’s initiative in implementing government to government (G2G) mechanism with Bangladesh in the plantation sector since November 2012 has gained a positive feedback from the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and has suggested that Malaysia broaden the implementation. This article aims to compare the G2G mechanism of Malaysia and the Employment Permit System (EPS) of South Korea which has been recognized as the best practice by the ILO to identify the elements of similarities, differences and improvements that can be implemented in Malaysia G2G mechanism which focussing on reducing the exploitation of the recruitment agencies. The analysis is done by mapping key themes and categories that arise in both cases, so as to assess the Malaysian practice against the Korean case as the benchmark of best practices. Data used in this study are collected through desk review of relevant documents, meetings, interviews and first-hand knowledge gained while the first author worked in the Ministry of Human Resources (KSM). A significant discovery is the Malaysia G2G mechanism should apply a holistic approach by extending services to the foreign workers even after their return to their own country. The approach is essential to ensure that the foreign workers who have served the destination country and returned to their origin country will not return as illegal immigrants (PATI).Finally, both countries, the country of destination and source country will mutual benefit from the process.
Keywords: foreign workers; social network; recruitment agency; G2G mechanism; and Employment Permit System (EPS)
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