“Komuniti”,sebagai Konsep dan Metod dalam Penyelidikan Sains Sosial: Tafsiran Sosiologikal (“Community”, as the Concept and Method in Social Sciences Research: Sociological Interpretation)
Abstract
“Konsep” adalah sistem penerangan tentang hakikat sesuatu fenomena manusia dan alam, yang yang dibentuk hasil kajian empirikal. Konsep-konsep seperti keluarga, komuniti dan masyarakat, merupakan digunakan secara umum dalam kehidupan harian masyarakat.“Komuniti” boleh dilihat dari dua perspektif yang saling berhubung-kait, pertama, dari perspektif konsep dan kedua, dari perspektif metod penyelidikan untuk memaham masyarakat. Istilah “komuniti” kerap digunakan dalam penyelidikan, penerbitan, wacana akademik, perbualan harian dan malahan ia juga diungkapkan dalam dokumen-dokumen polisi negara. Ini membuktikan betapa berfungsinya komuniti sebagai konsep dan metod dalam masyarakat.Tetapi pengertian dan fungsinya sebagai konsep dan metod jarang dibincangkan.Makalah ini merupakan kertas konseptual, yang membincangkan komuniti sebagai konsep dan metod. Perbincangan ini adalah tafsiran terhadap pengertian komuniti dari perspektif sosiologikal dan bersandarkan pemerhatian empirikal.Bersandarkan pemerhatian empirical makalah ini menghujahkan bahawa: i) terdapat dua kategori komuniti iaitu komuniti generik dan juga komuniti khusus; ii) solidariti komuniti khusus kebiasaanya berasaskan kekeluargaan, hubungan darah, dan persamaan etnik; iii) Komuniti bersifat dinamik, oleh itu ia sentiasa terdedah kepada perubahan yang bersumberkan sektor ekonomi; teknologi komunikasi maklumat (ICT); modeniti dan urbanisme; iv) konsep komuniti generik dan komuniti khusus telah digunakan secara meluas dalam masyarakat sebagai sistem penerangan tentang pelbagai fenomena sosial seperti pembangunan, kemiskinan dan jenayah; disamping itu v) komuniti generik dan komuniti khusus juga berfungsi sebagai metod kajian sains sosial kerana kedua-dua konsep mengandungi ciri-ciri mikro-masyarakat yang dapat memerikan meningkatkan kefahaman terhadap makro-masyarakat. Dengan berpandukan dapatkan kajian tentang sesuatu fenomena sosial peringkat komuniti generik dan komuniti khusus, para pengkaji akan dapat memahami fenomena sosial yang sama pada tahap makro-masyarakat.
Kata kunci: komuniti; konsep; metod; solidariti; mikro-makro-masyarakat
Abstract
"Concept" is a system of explanations of the reality of a human and natural phenomenon, which is the result of an empirical study. Concepts such as family, community and society are common usages in everyday life. The "community" can be viewed from two interrelated perspectives, first, perspective of the concept and second, perspective of the research method in order to understanding the society. The term "community" is frequently used in research, publishing, academic discourse, daily conversation and even it is mentioned in national policy documents. This proves that community functioning as a concept and method is very important in society. However, it meaning and function as concepts and methods are rarely discussed.This conceptual paper is discussing communities as concepts and methods. It’s an interpretation of understanding in the community from a sociological perspective and empirical observations. It’s argues that: i there are two categories of communities: the generic community and the specific community; ii) community solidarity usually based on family, blood relations, and ethnic equality; iii) communities are dynamic, always exposed to changes in economic sectors; information communication technology (ICT); modernity and urbanism; iv) the concept of the generic community and the specific community has been widely used in society as a system of information on various social phenomena such as development, poverty, and crime; v) generic communities and specific communities also function as research methods in social sciences, because both concepts contain micro-societal characteristics that can enhance the understanding on macro-community. Through the study’s findings of particular social phenomena at both the generic and the specific community level, then researchers can understand the same social phenomena at the level of macro-society.
Keywords: community; concepts; methods; solidarity; micro-macro-society
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