Kelestarian Pembangunan Hadapan Air di Malaysia (Sustainable Riverfront Development in Malaysia)

AZLINA MD. YASSIN (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, azlina@uthm.edu.my), SHARIFAH MERYAM SHAREH MUSA (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, meryam@uthm.edu.my)

Abstract


Population and economic growth, urbanisation process and advanced technology have transformed many Malaysian river systems. Due to these changes, the function of the riverfront areas had also changed such that the current pattern of riverfront development in Malaysia is now shaped more by mixed development and recreation. This article examines waterfront development practice in Malaysia and its sustainability based on the findings of field interviews conducted with government officers, property developers, and the waterfront community from three waterfront areas of Kuching, Malacca and Glenmarie Cove, Selangor. Questionnaires were mailed and e mailed to 91 property development companies listed in the Malaysian bourses. The findings indicated that the majority of respondents thought that Malaysia had not achieved the kind of sustainable waterfront development seen in developed countries. Several factors caused this, namely, difficulty in balancing the various social, economic and financial needs of the various stakeholders, insufficient financial resources, lack of human expertise and difficulty in obtaining planning permission. Addressing these shortcomings would contribute to best practices of waterfront development in Malaysia.

Keywords: Best practices in waterfront development, river systems, sustainable waterfront development, waterfront, waterfront areas

Abstrak

Pertumbuhan penduduk dan ekonomi, urbanisasi dan kemajuan teknologi merupakan pemangkin kepada proses transformasi sungai-sungai di Malaysia. Akibatnya, banyak kawasan hadapan air telah berubah fungsi. Pada masa kini, banyak projek pembangunan hadapan air telah dilaksanakan di Malaysia untuk tujuan rekreasi, kediaman dan pembangunan campuran. Namun begitu, kebanyakan pembangunan hadapan air yang dilaksanakan adalah tidak lestari di mana projek pembangunan tersebut mempunyai kesan kos melebihi nilai ekonomik yang diharapkan. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti praktis pembangunan hadapan air dan menentukan kelestarian pembangunan hadapan air di Malaysia. Dapatan kajian ini diperolehi hasil daripada beberapa sesi temu bual bersama pihak-pihak yang terlibat secara langsung dalam tiga projek pembangunan hadapan air yang telah dipilih sebagai kawasan kajian: (1) Kuching Riverfront, (2) Malacca Waterfront, (3) Glenmarie Cove Riverfront. Dapatan kajian juga diperolehi hasil daripada pengedaran borang soal selidik kepada 91 syarikat pembangunan hartanah yang disenaraikan di bawah Bursa Malaysia. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa majoriti responden berpendapat bahawa Malaysia masih belum berjaya mencapai kelestarian projek pembangunan hadapan air seiring dengan kejayaan pembangunan projek-projek hadapan air yang dilaksanakan di negara-negara maju. Beberapa faktor telah dikenal pasti sebagai penyumbang kepada kegagalan Malaysia mencapai kelestarian pembangunan hadapan air antaranya ialah kesukaran menyeimbangkan keperluan ekonomi, sosial, dan alam sekitar dalam kalangan semua pihak berkepentingan, sumber kewangan dan tenaga kerja pakar yang terhad, serta kesukaran mendapatkan kelulusan perancangan dari agensi yang berkaitan. Dapatan kajian ini seterusnya boleh digunakan sebagai input kepada cadangan perlaksanaan amalan terbaik pembangunan di kawasan hadapan air di Malaysia.

Kata kunci: Amalan terbaik pembangunan hadapan air, hadapan air, kawasan hadapan air, pembangunan hadapan air lestari, sistem sungai


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