English in 1Malaysia: A Paradox in Rural Pluri-Literacy Practices
Abstract
The issue of language has always been rife with passion and dissension in multilingual and multiethnic Malaysia. Never has a language received more such reactions in this country as the English language. Before independence English as a colonial language was given prominence over vernacular languages. However, with independence, Bahasa Melayu, took on the role of the national language, while English was institutionalised as the official second language In the national language policy. Currently in this globalised era, its resurgence over the national language, Bahasa Melayu, has incited protests from Malay nationalists and Chinese educationists in particular. No matter the degree of acceptance, the English language inevitably remains situated in the language repertoire of Malaysians. However, the teaching and learning of English in the Malaysian education system continues to be inundated with ideological pressures and political dogmas, often emerging from colonial, urban/rural and even local ethnic conflicts and hierarchies. This situation remains volatile especially with the introduction of the 1Malaysia concept promoting comprehensive acceptance, nationhood and social justice of the country's multiracialism. With the objective of moulding a nation-state that is united, the concept seeks to have the ethnic identities of each ethnic group to be respected and their vernaculars to be recognised, while reaffirming the role ofthe national language for unity, and accepting the near naturalised presence of English in the local environment. Therein lie the inherent difficulties of teaching and learning English in rural communities in Malaysia.
Keywords: rural literacy, English Language education, multilingualism, rural education, language policy
ABSTRAK
Isu bahasa senantiasa diperdebatkan dengan penuh semangat dan kontroversi di kalangan warga Malaysia yang berbilang kaum dan berbagai bahasa. Antara bahasa yang terdapat di Malaysia, peranan dan penggunaan Bahasa Inggeris telah selalu dipertikaikan dan menerima pertentangan berlanjutan dari kalangan rakyat. Sejak sebelum kemerdekaan lagi bahasapenjajah ini telah diberi keutamaan berbanding dengan bahasa-bahasa tempatan. Walau bagaimanapun, dengan tercapainya kemerdekaan, Bahasa Melayu telah diutamakan sebagai Bahasa Kebangsaan, sementara Bahasa Inggeris diberikan status rasmi sebagai bahasa kedua dalam dasar bahasa negara. Era globalisasi masa kini telah membangkitkan semula sentimen protes dari kalangan para pendidik dan pejuang bahasa Melayu dan juga bahasa Cina menentang penekanan baru yang kerajaan diberikan kepada Bahasa Inggeris. Apa jua pun tahap penerimaannya, kehadiran bahasa tersebut dalam repertoir penguasaan bahasa dalam kalangan masyarakat Malaysia tidak dapat dinafikan. Namun begitu, isu pengajaran dan pembelajaran Bahasa Inggeris dalam sistem pendidikan Malaysia terus dipertikaikan tersirat dengan tekanan ideologi dan dogma politik yang diwarisi sejak zaman penjajahan, terlahir dari konflik danjurang tatatingkat sosial yang wujud antara bandar dan desa, serta antara kaum etnik yang pelbagai budaya dan bahasa. Situasi ini berterusan dan menjadi lebih ketara dengan konsep 1Malaysia yang mempromosikan penerimaan yang menyeluruh, konsep negara bangsa dan keadilan sosial dalam negara yang berbilang kaum ini. Konsep yang bermatlamatkan perpaduan negara bangsa, bertujuan supaya semua kaum etnik saling menghormati budaya dan penggunaan bahasa masing-masing. Dalam pada itu peranan Bahasa Kebangsaan untuk perpaduan diberi penekanan semula sementara kewujudan Bahasa Inggeris dalam persekitaran tempatan disyorkan sebagai suatu keadaan yang biasa dan perlu diterima. Keadaan ini lah yang menjadi permasalahan dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Bahasa Inggeris di luar bandar di Malaysia.
Kata kunci: literasi luar bandar, pendidikan Bahasa Inggeris, kepelbagaian bahasa, pendidikan luar bandar, polisi bahasa
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