Social Organisation of the Business Elite and Big Business Growth: Malaysia During the 1990s Economic Boom
Abstract
The analysis of the Malaysian business elite by many studies had mainly been concerned with the nature of rapid private business growth of a multi-ethnic segment of the business elite, i.e. big businessmen, namely during the 1990s economic boom in the country. Those business elite then were known to form interpersonal ties with state and political elites. Many studies acknowledged the significant contribution of such interpersonal ties to the big businessmen’s rapid business growth, and for some, to the characterisation of capitalist development in the country, i.e. crony or ersatz capitalism. While not disregarding the significance of the interpersonal ties to big business growth, the author of this article observed a general lack of emphasis concerning the presence of interpersonal social relations between the big businessmen with other multi-ethnic business elite members, and particularly, concerning the contribution of the relations to the 1990s private big business growth. In particular, the author noted a general lack of systematic study on the nature of social formation and organisation of the business elite of the 1990s. As such, the author embarked on a systematic social network analytic study on the nature of social organisation of the 1990s business elite members and its implications on private big business growth (see Chan 2004). This article presents some of the findings. The study showed that business elite members did establish social relations during the process of their 1990s business growth. They were actually organised systematically both at and beyond intercorporate levels. The business elite members, especially big business people, organised themselves with particular business elite members to fulfil their own narrow common interests. They appeared not keen to organise themselves as a cohesive multi-ethnic business elite group and act as a group to advance general business interests on behalf of all multi-ethnic business elite members and business people in the society vis a vis the Malaysian state. They also appeared not keen to form a cohesive capitalist business class in the Malaysian society. While explaining the nature of private big capitalist business growth of the 1990s, the study argued that the nature of social organisation also acts as a useful explanatory variable of present and future private capitalist big business growth in the Malaysian society.
ABSTRAK
Kebanyakan kajian mengenai elit perniagaan Malaysia membincangkan tentang pertumbuhan pesat perniagaan yang diusahakan oleh golongan elit berkenaan, terutamanya semasa pertumbuhan pesat ekonomi negara pada tahun-tahun 1990-an. Kewujudan hubungan interpersonal yang dijalin oleh pihak ini dengan elit kerajaan dan politik memang diketahui umum. Kajian berkenaan banyak mengiktiraf kepentingan hubungan interpersonal itu kepada pertumbuhan pesat golongan peniaga besar dan dalam penentuan corak sistem kapitalis negara ini, iaitu kapitalisme kroni atau kapitalisme “esratz”. Tanpa mengurangpentingkan hubungan interpersonal itu kepada pertumbuhan perniagaan besar, makalah ini mendapati hubungan interpersonal, yang wujud di antara ahli peniaga besar dengan anggota elit korporat yang lain, khususnya yang bukan peniaga, dan juga sumbangan hubungan sedemikian kepada pertumbuhan ekonomi pada tahun 1990-an telah kurang ditekankan. Oleh itu, pada tahun-tahun 1990-an kurang terdapat kajian yang sistematik tentang pengorganisasian sosial anggota elit perniagaan. Memandangkan kekurangan tersebut, pengarang makalah ini telah menjalankan satu kajian analisa jaringan sosial terhadap corak peng- organisasian sosial anggota elit perniagaan yang telah wujud pada tahun- tahun 1990an dan implikasinya ke atas pertumbuhan perniagaan secara besar-besaran (lihat Chan 2004). Hasil kajian menunjukkan anggota elit perniagaan yang berkenaan, terutamanya sebilangan daripada peniaga besar, telah membentuk hubungan sosial semasa perkembangan perniagaan mereka pada tahun-tahun tersebut. Anggota elit perniagaan itu diorganisasi secara sistematik dalam konteks hubungan antara syarikat dan juga di luar hubungan antara syarikat. Corak pengorganisasian sosial yang terdapat menunjukkan bahawa para elit perniagaan tertentu mengorganisasi sesama sendiri untuk kepentingan diri masing-masing. Maka, boleh dikatakan bahawa anggota elit korporat itu tidak bertujuan menggunakan hubungan sosial berkenaan untuk membentuk sebuah kelompok elit perniagaan yang berbilang kaum, bersatu padu dan yang mampu memperjuangkan kepentingan semua ahli perniagaan di seluruh Malaysia. Golongan elit korporat itu juga nampaknya bukan bertujuan menubuhkan sebuah kelas kapitalis perniagaan yang bersatu padu dalam masyarakat Malaysia melalui hubungan sosial mereka itu. Di samping berkeupayaan untuk menerangkan corak pertumbuhan perniagaan kapitalis secara besar-besaran pada tahun-tahun 1990-an, hubungan sosial elit korporat juga bertindak sebagai angkubah explanatory yang berguna tentang sifat perkembangan sistem kapitalis pada masa kini dan akan datang di negara ini
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