Woman Monks: An Anomaly or a Misnomer?
Abstract
The third millennium started with a bang in Thai Buddhist circles when a former philosophy professor was ordained a Buddhist nun in Sri Lanka. The Thai Buddhist hierarchy does not recognize nuns, and has, in fact, forbidden monks to ordain women. Thailand accommodates some 300,WO Buddhist monks-and some 10,000 white-clad Buddhist women, called "mae chis". The social and spiritual status of these women has traditionally been extremely low and they are regarded as laywomen. In the English literature, they are confusingly called "nuns", hence the reluctance to use the same category for these newly ordained women. The traditional Sanskrit/Pali terms for ordained women are "bhiksuni" and "bhikkhuni", which are not well-known in Thailand, as these persons have usually been visiting Chinese, Taiwanese, Korean or Tibetan "bhiksunis". There is simply no category of genuine "nuns" in Thai society. Several women have been ordained novice nuns in either Sri Lanka or Thailand by Sri Lankan nuns after the trail-blazing act of the first Thai woman. This article argues that if this trend of ordaining women is allowed to continue, the Thai Buddhist "woman monks" will have to create a completely new category, identity and space for themselves as genuine "nuns" or bhikkhunis.
ABSTRAK
Tempoh millenaria ketiga bermula dengan satu kejutan besar di kalangan penganut agama Buddha di Thailand apabila seorang bekas profesor dalam bidang falsafah telah ditahbiskan menjadi bikkhu perempuan di Sri Lanka. Majlis tertinggi pentadbiran agama Buddha Thailand tidak mengiktiraf bikkhu perempuan, bahkan melarang sebarang pentahbisan tersebut dilakukan oleh mana-mana bikkhu. Terdapat kira-kira 300,000 orang bikkhu - dan kira-kira 10,000 orang wanita yang dipanggil mae chi yang memakai busana keagamaan wama putih. Kedudukan mae chi dari segi status sosial dan kerohanian adalah sangat rendah dan mereka biasanya dianggap sebagai golongan tunabiarawan, bukan golongan biarawan. Dalam penulisan bahasa Inggeris mereka sering dirujuk sebagai nun (rahib perempuan), iaitu satu rujukan yang agak mengelirukan. Sebab itulah istilah nun tidak digunakan bagi golongan wanita yang baru sahaja ditahbiskan. Istilah tradisional dalam bahasa Palifianskrif yang digunakan bagi wanita yang telah ditahbiskan ialah bhiksuni dan bhikkhuni, tetapi istilah ini tidak meluas dipakai di Thailand, kecuali untuk merujuk kepada bhiksuni dari China, Taiwan, Korea atau Tibet yang sekali sekala datang melawat ke Thailand. Pada hakikamya tidak terdapat sebarang istilah bagi nun dalam masyarakat Thai. Namun demikian, semenjak pentahbisan pertama yang dipelopori oleh wanita Thai itu,beberapa orang wanita Thai lain telah ditahbiskan sebagai calon-bhisuni oleh bhiksuni dari Sri Lanka, sama ada di Sri Lanka atau di Thailand. Makalah ini menghujahkan bahawa jika sekiranyd perkembangan sepeni ini dibenarkan terus menerus berlaku, maka golongan "bikhu perempuan" Thai itu terpaksa mewujudkan satu kategori sosial yang baru, yang merangkumi identiti dan ruang sebagai nun atau bhikkunni yang tulen.
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