Forests, Protest Movements and the Struggle Over Meaning and Identity in Sarawak
Abstract
Widespread rural protest against forestry activities in Sarawak during the mid 1980s and early 1990s invited retaliatory measures from the state in the form of tighter surveillance and criminalisation of protest. Thus, the protest movement could easily be dismissed as having failed to influence policy. However, in the long history of Dayak protest against forestry activities what may be new is the widespread and sustained nature of the action. But how was strategic mobilisatian possible, given the limited political space for critique, the lack of political cohesion and the heterogeneity of Dayak experience of the state and 'development'? Viewing Dayak protests as part of an ongoing larger social movement concerned with a more just state and environmental health, the paper highlights the way in which rural protest assists in the production of 'Dayakised' knowledge about development, environment and identity. In this larger movement, the work of academic researchers, environmental and indigenous activists are linked. The paper argues that the implications of the protests for rural Dayak understanding and experience of the state, citizenship and identity is far reaching but, as yet, little understood, suggesting a need for analysis of the state and civil society to move beyond party politics and the NGO movement. What the movement has done is expand the discourse and practice of conservation to include a wider range of concerns than have been possible in the past, given the tendency to privilege biological and economistic factors in resource management policy.
Key words: forests, native rights, protest movement, identity
ABSTRAK
Bantahan meluas masyarakat luar bandar yang berlaku di Sarawak terhadap kegiatan pembalakan, pada pertengahan tahun-tahun 1980an dan awal 1990an telah mengundang langkah tindak balas daripada pihak pemerintah yang meningkatkan pengawasan dan mengisytiharkan kegiatan bantahan itu sendiri sebagai kesalahan jenayah. Dengan itu, pergerakan bantahan itu boleh dianggap sebagai telah gagal mempengaruhi dasar. Walau bagaimanapun, apa yang baru dalam sepanjang sejarah bantahan yang dilakukan oleh kaum Dayak terhadap kegiatan pembalakan itu ialah sifatnya yang meluas dan berterusan (sustained). Namun bagaimanakah mungkin berlakunya pengembelingan secara strategik memandangkan terbatasnya ruang politik untuk kiritikan, kurangnya kesepaduan politik dan keseragaman pengalaman kaum Dayak mengenai pemerintah dan 'pembangunan'? Dengan melihat bantahan kaum Dayak itu sebagai sehahagian daripada pergerakan sosial yang lebih besar lagi berterusan, untuk mewujudkan sebuah negara yang lebih adil dan persekitaran yang lebih sihat, makalah ini memaparkan cara bagaimana bantahan rakyat desar membantu meningkatkan pengetahuan kaum Dayak mengenai pembangunan, alam sekitar dan identiti. Dalam pergerakan yang luas ini, hasil kerja penyelidik akademik, dan aktivis alam sekitar dan aktivis masyarakat peribumi. Makalah ini menghujah bahawa implikasi bantahan itu kepada pemahaman dan pengalaman kaum Dayak di desa mengenai pemerintah, kerakyatan dan identiti adalah menjangkau jauh tetapi kurang difahami. Hal ini menunjukkan perlunya analisis mengenai pemerintah dan masyarakat sivil melampaui sempadan parti politik dan pergerakan organisasi bukan kerajaan (NGO). Pergerakan NGO ini telah memperluaskan wacana dan amalan pemuliharaan untuk meliputi isu-isu yang lebih luas berbanding dengan yang pernah dilakukan. Perluasan ini dilakukan memandangkan terdapamya kecenderungan oleh pihak pembuat dasar untuk mengutamakan faktor-faktor biologi dan ekonomi dalam polisi pengurusan sumber.
Kata kunci: hutan, hak pribumi, pengerakan bantahan, identiti
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