Eko-Kritik dalam Puisi Melayu (Ecocriticism in Malay Poetries)

Abstract

Perjuangan tentang kelestarian alam sekitar merupakan satu fenomena universal yang terdapat di seluruh dunia. Pencemaran udara, air sungai dan laut serta penerokaan hutan antara faktor yang menggugat kesejahteraan kehidupan. Pelbagai medium digunakan dalam mendidik dan memberi kesedaran umum tentang kepentingan kelestarian alam demi kerukunan kehidupan. Penulisan kesusasteraan merupakan salah satu kaedah yang dapat dinyatakan melalui novel, cerpen, puisi dan drama. Marzuki Ali merupakan seorang penyair dan aktivis teater yang memulakan karier awal tahun 80-an mempunyai satu gaya atau ‘signature’ dalam memperjuangkan alam sekitar. Karya-karya yang bersifat eko-kritik mendominasi keseluruhan karya-karya puisi beliau. Kumpulan puisi Jeritan Satwa Luka (2000), Bungkau Rimba Hujan Tropika (2008), Khazanah Segala Rimbun (2011) dan drama Dasila: Racau Satwa Rimba Tropika (terbitan dalam Dewan Sastera Disember 2015-Februari 2016) merupakan satu sekuel puisi beliau yang berlatarkan subjek alam sekitar. Ekologi, etika ekologi dan bahasa yang mendasari elemen eko-kritik turut menjadi unsur-unsur dominan dalam karya-karyanya. Pembangunan fizikal dan penerokaan hutan tanpa kawalan yang menggugat kelestarian flora fauna alam rimba yang menjadi subjek dalam teks turut menggabungkan maklumat dan ilmu sains, geografi dan sejarah. Ianya memperlihatkan karya tersebut bersifat didaktik serta berupaya menjadi rujukan kepada masyarakat umum. Keberanian, kelantangan dan keprihatinan Marzuki Ali dalam memperjuangkan alam sekitar telah memperlihatkan satu kronologi proses kreatifnya. Makalah ini akan memfokuskan bagaimana penyair mengangkat isu alam sekitar dalam karya kreatif Marzuki Ali yang menjadi refleksi kepada pemikirannya yang bertunjang kepada alam sekitar sebagai khazanah warisan yang akan datang.

Kata kunci: Kelestarian alam; flora fauna; pencemaran alam; eko-kritik; didaktik.

Abstrak

The pursuit of global environmental sustainability has become a universal phenomenon, which has yet remained a struggle. Pollutions which affected rivers, oceans and severe deforestations have all contributed towards the ecological imbalances. Countless efforts through various mediums and approaches have been widely applied to educate the masses on the importance of sustainability; this with an intention to ensure a better, greener and safer world in the future. Literature has been identified able to become a tool to disseminate information and create awareness among the society. Marzuki Ali, a poet and a dramatist who started his literary career circa in the 80s has always known for his sensitivity towards the environmental plights. His collection of poems such as Jeritan Satwa Luka (2000), Bungkau Rimba Hujan Tropika (2008), Khazanah Segala Rimbun (2011) and also his drama, Dasila: Racau Satwa Rimba Tropika (published in Dewan Sastera December 2015-February 2016) are the depictions of his strong inclinations towards environment, hence he is known to be an ecocritic poet. It is to be found that, topics on ecology, ethics in ecology and symbolic language became the thrust of the subject matter in his creative works. The combinations of various knowledge that would relate science, geography and history have become his points in highlighting the effects of world’s pollution. Thus, his woks can be perceived as to be didactic which could have easily become the point of reference to many. His perseverance in advocating his thoughts and being vocal on environmental issues have marked his creative endeavours. This paper will focus on the ways in which how Marzuki’s poems portrayed his concerns on environmental issues through his works. This would certainly reflect the poet’s strong sense in sharing his thoughts and concerns to sustain the environment as heritage for the next generations to live and appreciate.

Keywords: sustainability of environment; flora and fauna; pollution; ecocriticism; didactic.