Kebijaksanaan Adab dalam Hikayat Melayu Tradisional (Wisdom of Manner in the Traditional Malay Hikayat)

Abstract

Makalah ini membincangkan konsep kebijaksanaan adab dalam dunia Melayu yang dipaparkan melalui karya-karya hikayat Melayu tradisional dari perspektif adab. Hikayat Melayu tradisional memainkan peranan penting sebagai wadah pembentukan peradaban manusia bagi melahirkan insan yang bijaksana dalam memenuhi tanggungjawabnya sebagai khalifah Allah di muka bumi. Data kajian melibatkan teks Hikayat Isma Yatim dan Hikayat Hang Tuah – antara khazanah hikayat Melayu tradisional yang dihasilkan atau disalin dari abad ke-15 hingga abad ke-19. Dalam membuktikan fungsi hikayat Melayu tradisional sebagai wadah pembentukan insan yang bijaksana, kajian ini mengaplikasikan pendekatan adab berasaskan model kerangka pemikiran Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas (2001). Kajian kualitatif ini menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan terhadap teks Hikayat Isma Yatim dan Hikayat Hang Tuah. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa teks-teks hikayat Melayu tradisional telah memainkan peranan penting dalam menerapkan unsur kebijaksanaan ke arah menghasilkan insan terpuji yang seimbang dari segi rohani dan jasmani, duniawi dan ukhrawi. Unsur kebijaksanaan yang diserapkan menerusi teks-teks hikayat Melayu tradisional menjadi panduan kepada khalayak menjalin hubungan dengan Tuhan selaku Pencipta (hablumminaLLah) dan hubungan sesama manusia (hablumminannas) di samping menjelaskan peranan setiap manusia di dunia – sebagai khalifah Allah SWT dan pada masa yang sama selaku hamba-Nya.

Kata kunci: Kebijaksanaan; hikayat Melayu tradisional; adab; hablumminaLLah; hablumminannas

Abstract 

This paper discusses the concept of wisdom of manner in the Malay world featured in the traditional Malay hikayat from the perspective of manner. Traditional Malay hikayat play an important role as a platform for the formation of human civilization to produce individuals who are wise in fulfilling his responsibility as God’s vicegerent on earth. The data of this study involves the text of Hikayat Isma Yatim and Hikayat Hang Tuah – among the treasures of traditional Malay hikayat produced or copied from the 15th century until the 19th century. In establishing the functions of traditional Malay hikayat as a platform for the formation of human wisdom, this study applies Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas’s (2001) framework on manner. This qualitative study use the method of content analysis of the Hikayat Isma Yatim and Hikayat Hang Tuah. The study demonstrates that traditional Malay hikayat has played the important role of instilling wisdom towards producing a noble, well-balanced individual, spiritually and physically, in this world and the hereafter. Elements of wisdom absorbed through traditional Malay hikayat is apparently conceived by its readership as providing enlightening principles in seeking for a guided relationship both with their Creator (hablumminaLLah) and fellow human beings (hablumminannas) as well as explicating the divine purposes of every living human being in this world – to become His vicegerent and servant.

Keywords: Wisdom; traditional Malay hikayat; manner; hablumminaLLah; hablumminannas