Tahap Keterancaman Bahasa Masyarakat Kreol di Melaka (The Endangerment Level of Creole Community Language in Malacca)
Abstract
Malaysia sebuah negara yang terdiri daripada berbilang bangsa. Sejak zaman kesultanan Melaka lagi sudah adanya kepelbagaian etnik sehinggakan berlakunya asimilasi yang telah mewujudkan kelompok masyarakat bahasa kreol. Terdapat tiga kelompok masyarakat kreol di Melaka iaitu masyarakat Baba-Nyonya, Portugis dan Chetti. Kehadiran mereka menjadikan Malaysia negara yang kaya dengan budaya, bahasa dan latar berlakang kebudayaan berlainan. Namun kedudukan bahasa kreol yang melambangkan kemajmukan masyarakat di Malaysia sudah semakin terancam. Ketiga-tiga kelompok masyarakat bahasa kreol ini bakal berhadap dengan kepupusan bahasa mereka. Proses kepupusan bahasa berlaku secara perlahan dan yang paling ketara adalah apabila sesebuah masyarakat penutur menguasai bahasa lain sehingga mengabaikan bahasa asal mereka. Sehubungan dengan itu kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti situasi bahasa dalam kalangan masyarakat ini. Di samping itu, kajian ini juga turut mengenal pasti tahap keterancaman bahasa masyarakat kreol ini dengan teori vitaliti bahasa daripada UNESCO dan kerangka teori GIDS oleh Fishman dalam mengenal pasti bahasa-bahasa yang berada pada tahap kepupusan. Lokasi kajian ini adalah di Melaka iaitu di perkampungan masyarakat Chetti di Ujong Pasir yang didiami oleh masyarakat bahasa Kristang-Portugis dan juga di sekitar bandar Melaka tempat masyarakar bahasa kreol Baba-Nyonya. Reka bentuk kajian ini pula adalah dengan kaedah mod campuran, iaitu kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Instrumen kajian yang diguna pakai untuk mengumpul data adalah soal selidik, temu bual dan pemerhatian. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa bahasa ketiga-tiga masyarakat kreol di Melaka sudah semakin terancam. Situasi ini disebabkan oleh masayarakat bahasa kreol ini lebih mengutamakan bahasa Inggeris berbanding bahasa ibunda mereka. Hasil dapatan kajian ini adalah sebagai penambahan ilmu secara amnya kepada bahasa masyarakat minoriti dan secara khusus terhadap bahasa ketiga-tiga masyarakat kreol di Melaka.
Kata kunci: Bahasa masyarakat minoriti; masyarakat Baba-Nyonya; masyarakat Chetti; masyarakat Kristang-Portugis; penggunaan bahasa
Abstract
Malaysia is a multiracial nation. Since the time of the sultanate of Malacca, there has been a diversity of ethnicities in the absence of assimilation that has embraced creole community language. There are three groups of creoles in Malacca namely Baba-Nyonya, Portuguese and Chetti communities. Their presence makes Malaysia a rich country with culture, language and background of different cultures. But the position of creole language which symbolizes the plurality of society in Malaysia has become increasingly threatened. The three groups of creole language will face their extinction. The process of language extinction takes place slowly and most significantly is when a speaker community mastering another language and neglecting their native language. In this regard, the study aims to examine the language of the community. In addition, this study also identifies the level of Malay language literacy threats with the language vitality theory from UNESCO and the Fishman's GIDS theory framework in identifying languages that are at the level of extinction. The location of the study was in Melaka, in the village of Chetti in Ujong Pasir where most of the Kristang-Portuguese language community located and also around the town of Melaka where the Baba-Nyonya community could be found. The design of this study is by mix mode, qualitative and quantitative. Research instruments used to collect the data are questionnaires, interviews and observations. The results show that the language of the three creole communities in Malacca have become increasingly threatened. This situation is caused by the creole community itself that preferring English compared to their mother tongue. The findings of this study are the addition of knowledge in general to the minority community and in particular the language of the three creole communities in Malacca.
Keywords: The language of minority communities; Baba-Nyonya community; Chetti community; Kristang-Portuguese community; language use
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