Arahan Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) dalam Sektor Kesihatan dari Perspektif Undang-undang (Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Order in Health Sector from the Legal Perspective)
Abstract
Umumnya, pesakit mempunyai hak untuk membuat keputusan berhubung penjagaan kesihatan dan rawatan perubatan untuk dirinya. Tiada individu lain boleh membuat apa-apa keputusan berhubung dengan rawatan jika pesakit tersebut masih berkeupayaan untuk membuat keputusan. Dalam hal ini, pesakit juga boleh membuat suatu arahan untuk tidak meneruskan rawatan atau menerima apa-apa campur tangan perubatan untuk dirinya. Arahan Perubatan Awal (APA) (turut disebut sebagai Arahan Awal Perubatan) ialah dokumen yang mengandungi hasrat pesakit berhubung rawatan perubatannya, dibuat semasa pesakit masih berkeupayaan membuat keputusan. Terdapat sejenis arahan dalam skop APA yang secara khusus membenarkan pesakit untuk menolak bantuan pernafasan (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) (CPR). Arahan tersebut dikenali sebagai Larangan Resusitasi (Do Not Resuscitate) (DNR). Walau bagaimanapun, arahan tersebut bukanlah amalan yang biasa kerana berkemungkinan bercanggah dengan kewajipan doktor untuk memberikan rawatan yang terbaik untuk menyelamatkan nyawa pesakit. Persoalan penting ialah sama ada pesakit dibenarkan di sisi undang-undang untuk membuat suatu arahan DNR. Sehubungan dengan itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis undang-undang semasa berhubung hak pesakit dari perspektif arahan DNR. Artikel ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif dalam meneroka isu-isu yang berhubung dengan DNR. Didapati bahawa DNR merupakan suatu cara untuk melindungi autonomi pesakit. Rentetan itu, dari segi amalan dalam sektor kesihatan, perlu ada garis panduan dan peruntukan undang-undang yang jelas berhubung dengan arahan DNR. Hal ini penting demi melindungi autonomi pesakit di samping menjaga hubungan baik antara doktor dengan pesakit. Tambahan pula, kesihatan merupakan suatu hak asas yang perlu dinikmati oleh setiap lapisan masyarakat.
Kata kunci: DNR; APA; keizinan rawatan perubatan; autonomi pesakit; undang-undang perubatan
Abstract
Generally, a patient has the right to make decisions regarding his healthcare and medical care. No other person can make any decision regarding treatment if the patient is still capable of making decisions. In this context, he may also make an advance directive specifying his wishes not to continue treatment or to receive any medical interventionfor himself. Advance Medical Directive (AMD) is a document that contains a patient’s desire for medical treatment, made in advance when the patient is still capable to make a decision. There is a type of order under the scope of AMD which specifically allows patients to refrain from Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). The order is known as Do Not Resuscitate (DNR). However, the order is not a common practice as it may conflict with the doctor’s obligation to provide the best treatment to save his patients. The crucial issue is whether a patient is allowed by the law to make a DNR order. Therefore, this article aims to analyse the current law on a patient’s rights from the perspective of the DNR order. This article employed qualitative method in exploring issues relating to DNR. Subsequently, it is found that DNR is a way of protecting the patient’s autonomy. Henceforth, in practice, there should be clear guidelines and provisions of law relating to the DNR order in the health sector. This is important in protecting patients’ autonomous right while maintaining a good doctor-patient relationship. Moreover, health is a basic right that should be enjoyed by every segment of the society.
Keywords: Do Not Resuscitate (DNR); Advance Medical Directive (AMD); consent of medical treatment; patient’s autonomy; medical law
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