Prospek Perluasan Liabiliti Takaful Motor di Malaysia Menurut Perspektif Syariah (The Prospect of Expanding the Liability of Motor Takaful in Malaysia from Shariah Perspective)

Abstract

Institusi takaful memainkan peranan yang sangat signifkan dalam menjelaskan ganti rugi terhadap mangsa kemalangan jalan raya. Walau bagaimanapun, liabiliti wajib bagi syarikat takaful di Malaysia dalam hal ini adalah tidak menyeluruh kepada semua golongan mangsa. Batasan liabiliti yang dibenarkan oleh undang-undang telah dikritik sebagai suatu ketidakadilan terhadap pembelaan hak mangsa kemalangan jalan raya, Berdasarkan literatur, pelbagai cadangan pembaharuan diutarakan termasuklah perluasan liabiliti syarikat insurans atau takaful. Oleh kerana itu, artikel ini bertujuan membincangkan potensi perluasan liabiliti seperti yang dicadangkan. Persoalan sejauh mana perluasan liabiliti wajar dilaksanakan dibincangkan terlebih dahulu. Rujukan dibuat terhadap amalan pembayaran diyat oleh ‘aqilah yang merupakan asas pengoperasian takaful di zaman moden. Data kajian diperolehi melalui kajian perpustakaan dan temu bual separa struktur dengan tiga syarikat takaful motor terpilih. Analisis data pula dilakukan secara tematik dan deskriptif. Kajian mendapati bahawa dalam perundangan Islam, liabiliti pihak ‘aqilah dalam menjelaskan diat kepada mangsa juga mempunyai limitasi yang tertentu. Prinsipnya ialah penjagaan maslahah pihak mangsa tidak boleh mendatangkan mafsadah pula kepada institusi ‘aqilah sebagai penanggung laibiliti beralih. Dalam konteks di Malaysia, walaupun perlindungan yang diwajibkan dalam undang-undang tidak menyeluruh, didapati bahawa syarikat takaful telah menawarkan perlindungan tambahan yang bersifat pilihan bagi mangsa yang tidak dilindungi dalam pelan perlindungan asas. Walau bagaimanapun, kesedaran pemegang polisi terhadap produk ini masih rendah dan perlu dipertingkatkan. Dalam perkembangan semasa, keputusan Bank Negara Malaysia melaksanakan liberalisasi tarif insurans motor telah membuka ruang bagi inovasi produk perlindungan takaful yang lebih menyeluruh buat semua mangsa kemalangan jalan raya di Malaysia.

Kata kunci: Takaful motor; pihak ketiga; kemalangan jalan raya; áqilah; liberalisasi tariff

Abstract

Takaful institution plays a signifcant role in compensating road accident victim. However, the liability of takaful institutions in Malaysia is not inclusive to all categories of the victim. The limitation of the liability had been criticized as unjust to the victim’s right. Based on previous literature, some reformations had been suggested including expansion of the liability of the insurance or takaful company. Therefore, this article aims to study the potential expansion of the liability as recommended. Before that, the arising question namely to what extent is the reasonable expansion is discussed. Reference made to the practice of diyat payment by ‘aqilah which had been the foundation of takaful operation in modern time. Data for this study is obtained from library research and semi-structured interviews with three selected motor takaful operators. The data are then analyzed thematically and descriptively. The study fnds that the liability of ‘aqilah to compensate the victim with diyat in Islamic law has several limitations as well. The principle in securing the victim’s interest is it must not to the extent to burden the ‘aqilah with great trouble as they bear the liability vicariously. In the Malaysian context, even though the coverage made compulsory by the law is not comprehensive to all categories of the road accident victim, it is found that the motor takaful operators had offered optional additional coverage to the victims who are excluded in the basic policy plan. Nevertheless, the policy holders’ awareness of this product is still low and needs to be enhanced. In the current development, the implementation the liberalization of motor insurance tariffs by the Central Bank of Malaysia has paved the way for the innovation of more comprehensive takaful protection products for all road accident victims in Malaysia.

Keywords: motor takaful; third party; road accident; áqilah, liberalization of tariff