Pengunduran Perdagangan Bebas British dan Kebangkitan Neomerkantilisme di Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu, 1926-1939 (The Retreat of British Free Trade and the Rise of Neomercantilism in Federated Malay States, 1926-1939)

Mohd Shazwan Mokhtar, Mohd Samsudin, Suffian Mansor

Abstract


Artikel ini mengkonstruksi pensejarahan ekonomi Tanah Melayu ketika tahun antara perang dengan tumpuan di Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu (NNMB). Sebagai pembekal bahan mentah utama empayar British kedudukan NNMB sering mendapat perhatian kerajaan British dan Pejabat Tanah Jajahan. Walau bagaimanapun, pensejarahan ekonomi imperial ketika tahun antara perang sering memberi tumpuan terhadap Dominions tanpa melibatkan negeri naungan, khususnya NNMB. Batasan kajian ini menyebabkan pembangunan ekonomi di NNMB seolah-olah tidak dipengaruhi dasar ekonomi imperial. Oleh sebab itu, sejarah ekonomi Tanah Melayu sering terikat dengan kerangka perdagangan bebas, sedangkan berlakunya kebangkitan neomerkantilisme di Britain selepas Perang Dunia Pertama. Justeru, artikel ini membuktikan pengaruh neomerkantilisme dalam struktur ekonomi kolonial di NNMB. Tumpuan diberikan terhadap pelaksanaan dasar ekonomi imperial oleh pihak kolonial yang digubal sejak Persidangan Imperial 1926. Kaedah kajian sejarah digunakan untuk mengenal pasti ciri sistem merkantil di NNMB dengan meneliti sumber primer seperti CO 273, 717, 885, CAB 24, T176 dan dokumen pentadbiran kolonial NNMB. Hasil kajian mendapati, sejak tahun 1920-an, dasar ekonomi imperial dipengaruhi dasar Joseph Chamberlain yang bersifat neomerkantilisme. Keutamaan imperial, pembangunan perdagangan antara empayar dan pembangunan produk tropika merupakan dasar neomerkantilisme yang dilaksanakan di NNMB.

Kata kunci: Sejarah ekonomi; Imperialisme British; Neomerkantilisme; Perdagangan global; Empayar kolonial

 

Abstract

 

This article constructs Malaya economic historiography during the inter-war years with a focus on the Federated Malay States (FMS). As a major supplier of raw materials for the British empire, the FMS’ position often caught the attention of the British government and the Colonial Office. However, the imperial economic historiography during the inter-war years always focused on the Dominion without involving protectorate, especially the FMS. This limitation caused the FMS’ economic development seems not influenced by the imperial economic policy. Accordingly, the Malaya economic history often bound with a laissez-faire framework, while there was a resurrection of neomercantilism in Britain after the First World War. Thus, this article proved the influence of neomercantilism in the FMS’ colonial economic structure. It focused on the colonial practice of imperial economic policy formulated since the Imperial Conference of 1926. The history research methodology used to identify the mercantile system in the FMS by analysing prime sources such as CO 273, 717, 885, CAB 24, T176 and the FMS’ colonial administration documents. The study found that, since 1920s, the imperial economic policy influenced by Chamberlainite policy, which is associated with neomercantilism. The imperial preference, inter-empire trade development and tropical product development are the neomercantilism policies practised in the FMS.

Keywords: Economic history; British imperialism; Neomercantilism; Global trade; Colonial empire


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