Sejarah Tempatan Sebagai Subjek Novel Melayu Mutakhir (Local History as Subject of Contemporary Malay Novel)

Abstract

Luka Nering adalah sebuah novel fiksyen sejarah Kesultanan Melayu Perak karya Malim Ghozali PK. Novel ini diterbitkan oleh Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka pada tahun 2014 dan tercalon untuk Anugerah Sastera Antarabangsa IMPAC Dublin 2016. Novel ini bertolak daripada peristiwa Perjanjian Pangkor 1874 yang menyebabkan campur tangan British dalam sistem pemerintahan. Luka Nering terhasil melalui penggabungan antara teks dalaman dan teks luaran. Gabungan ini mengesahkan wujudnya teks dalam sebuah teks atau yang dinamakan dialog antara teks. Sehubungan itu, artikel ini bertujuan menjawab persoalan, apakah proses dan bentuk kreatif dalam penghasilan Luka Nering memandangkan subjeknya bersandarkan peristiwa Perjanjian Pangkor 1874? Data artikel ini diperolehi melalui kaedah kualitatif. Kaedah kepustakaan diaplikasi sebagai instrumen kajian untuk menganalisis bahan kajian dalam artikel jurnal, buku, tesis, akhbar dan kertas kerja. Kajian ini menggunakan teori intertekstualiti yang diasaskan oleh Julia Kristeva sebagai kerangka analisis. Dapatan kajian menemukan bahawa proses pengkaryaan Luka Nering adalah kemasukan dari teks luar, iaitu peristiwa Perjanjian Pangkor 1874 ke teks baharu. Bentuk peralihan pengkaryaan berlaku dari segi watak dan latar yang mengalami proses intertekstual daripada hipoteks (teks asal) ke hiperteks (teks baru). Watak Sultan Abdullah dalam Perjanjian Pangkor 1874 telah diubah kepada watak TC dan J.W.W. Birch kepada watak Osborne melalui proses ekspansi. Prinsip transformasi melibatkan kehadiran lokasi sejarah, Naning dan Pulau Pinang ke dalam Luka Nering sementara modifikasi melibatkan subjek pahlawan Melayu di Perak daripada teks asal.

Kata kunci: Fiksyen Sejarah; Intertekstualiti; Kritikan Sastera; Luka Nering; Malim Ghozali PK

Abstract

Tree of Sorrow is a fictional novel on the Perak-Malay Sultanate history by Malim Ghozali PK. This novel was published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) on 2014 and was nominated for the 2016 International Literature Award, IMPAC Dublin. This novel portrays the 1874 Pangkor Treaty which lead to the intervention of British in the administration of Perak-Malay Sultanate. Tree of Sorrow indicates combination of inner and outside text. This combination confirms the existence of ‘text within a text’ or also known as dialog between text. Therefore, this article intends to seek answer to, what is the creative process and shape this novel has undergone since the subject is based on the 1874 Pangkor Treaty? Data from this article was collected through a qualitative research design. Library research was applied as the research instrument to analyse journal articles, books, thesis and newspapers. Intertextuality theory by Julia Kristeva was applied as the analysis framework. The findings of this study are that the Tree of Sorrow is a new text created based on an outside text, which is the 1874 Pangkor Treaty. The characters and the background in the new text has undergone transformation from hypotext to the hypertext. Expention was made to Sultan Abdullah’s character as it was altered to a character named TC, while J.W.W. Birch was reffered to as Osborne. Transformation principles involves the presence of historical location of Naning and Penang Island, meanwhile modification involves the subjext of Perak Malay warrior from the original text.

Keywords: History Fiction; Intertextuality; Literary Criticsm; Tree of Sorrow; Malim Ghozali PK