Strategi Penolakan Ajakan Menerusi WhatsApp dalam Masyarakat Melayu (Refusal Strategies for Invitation Using WhatsApp in the Malay Community)

Natsue Hieda, Nor Hashimah Jalaluddin, Mohammad Fadzeli Jaafar

Abstract


Penolakan ajakan adalah salah satu lakuan bahasa yang penting kerana ia memerlukan penjagaan air muka lawan tutur. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti penolakan ajakan menerusi WhatsApp dalam masyarakat Melayu dengan membuat perbandingan antara dua tindakan yang berbeza, iaitu ajakan untuk “membeli-belah” dengan “mengadakan parti”. Data kajian ini diperolehi melalui kaedah lakonan terbuka menerusi aplikasi WhatsApp dengan melibatkan 20 orang informan Melayu. Data wacana dianalisis secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif dari tiga perspektif, iaitu kekerapan penggunaan formula semantik, purata penggunaan formula semantik per kapita dan purata penggunaan emoji. Strategi yang digunakan oleh informan dibincangkan berdasarkan teori kesantunan yang diutarakan oleh Brown dan Levinson. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa secara keseluruhannya informan lebih cenderung untuk mementingkan kesantunan positif bagi kedua-dua tindakan. Terdapat dua jenis formula semantik yang menunjukkan perbezaan signifikan antara dua tindakan tersebut. Formula semantik {cadangan} lebih kerap digunakan bagi tindakan untuk “membeli-belah”, manakala {kata seru positif} lebih kerap digunakan bagi tindakan untuk “mengadakan parti” secara signifikan. Pernyataan {sebab tambahan} juga cenderung untuk lebih banyak digunakan bagi tindakan untuk “mengadakan parti”. Namun begitu, tiada perbezaan signifikan dari sudut purata penggunaan formula semantik per kapita. Emoji wajah [emosi positif] juga lebih banyak ditemui bagi tindakan untuk “mengadakan parti” secara signifikan. Kajian ini telah menonjolkan bahawa informan Melayu memperkuatkan penggunaan strategi kesantunan positif bagi tindakan yang bersifat lebih istimewa, bukan melaraskan strategi kesantunan negatif.

Kata kunci: penolakan ajakan; WhatsApp; formula semantik; emoji; teori kesantunan

 

Abstract

 

The declining of an invitation is an important type of speech act since it needs to deal with the face of the person receiving the decline. The objective of this study is to investigate refusal strategies for invitation using WhatsApp in the Malay community by comparing two different actions, that is an invitation for “shopping” and “holding a party”. The data for the study were obtained using open role-play through WhatsApp by involving 20 Malay informants. Discourse data were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively from three perspectives. These are the frequency of semantic formula usage, the average usage of semantic formulas per capita and the average usage of emojis. The strategies adopted by informants were discussed based on the politeness theory introduced by Brown and Levinson. The results showed that overall, the informants tended to emphasise positive politeness for both actions. Two types of semantic formulas showed significant differences between the two actions. {Alternative} was used significantly more often for “shopping”, while {positive exclamation} was used more often for “holding a party”. Further, {additional reason} also tended to be used more often for “holding a party”. However, there were no significant differences from the perspective of the average usage of semantic formulas per capita. Emojis representing facial expressions [positive emotions] were also found significantly more often for “holding a party”. This study highlighted that Malay informants reinforce the use of positive politeness strategies for actions that are more special, rather than adjusting to negative politeness strategies.

Keywords: declining an invitation; WhatsApp; semantic formula; emoji; politeness theory


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