The Uncivil Side of Civil Society:The Case of BERSIH in Malaysia (Sisi Tidak Sivil Masyarakat Sivil: Kajian Kes BERSIH di Malaysia)
Abstract
The Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections (BERSIH), often reputed as the champion for electoral reform in Malaysia,has been closely observed by scholars since its inception in 2006. There is a general consensus on the vital role played by BERSIH in fostering the growth of civil society in Malaysia. This article however contends that BERSIH’s establishment as well as its activities and orientation emerge from, and are a reflection of, a specifc position within the Malaysian civil society acting as oppositional forces for the Barisan Nasional regime. Rather than uncritically idealizing BERSIH as an embodiment of civil society, this article shed lights on the uncivil side of BERSIH. Using secondary sources and strengthened by interviews with eleven interviewees, this study found that in most cases and under the pretext of civil society, BERSIH is driven by political considerations and applies a narrow interpretation of grassroots democratization. By focussing on its role as domestic election monitoring organization (DEMO), BERSIH’s reputation appears to be in conflict with the prerequisites laid out in the operation of non-partisan DEMOs. Post-2018 General Election saw BERSIH attempting to reposition itself in the new power structure under Pakatan Harapan, at the expense of compromising its principles. The fndings of this study also demonstrated the uncivil side of civil society movement such as BERSIH. Applying the term of uncivil society as the exclusive ownership of Malay-Muslim NGOs is misleading and contributes to the misconception that pro-democracy civil society has greater moral clarity.
Keywords: BERSIH; civil society; uncivil society; domestic election monitor organizations; Malaysia’s election monitoring
Abstrak
Gabungan Pilihan Raya Bersih dan Adil (BERSIH) yang sering dianggap sebagai pejuang reformasi pilihan raya di Malaysia telah menjadi tumpuan para pengkaji sejak penubuhannya pada 2006. Wujudnya konsensus umum mengenai peranan penting yang dimainkan BERSIH dalam menyuburkan pertumbuhan masyarakat sivil di Malaysia. Artikel ini bagaimanapun berpendirian yang penubuhan, aktiviti dan orientasi BERSIH merupakan refleksi dari kedudukan khusus dalam masyarakat sivil di Malaysia yang berperanan sebagai unsur kepembangkangan kepada rejim Barisan Nasional. Beralih dari pendirian mengidealkan BERSIH secara tidak kritikal sebagai jelmaan masyarakat sivil, artikel ini cuba memaparkan sisi tidak sivil BERSIH. Menggunakan sumber-sumber sekunder dan diperkuatkan dengan temubual dengan sebelas orang aktor, kajian ini mendapati yang dalam kebanyakan kes dan di atas nama masyarakat sivil, BERSIH dipandu oleh pertimbangan politik dan mengaplikasikan tafsiran sempit mengenai demokrasi akar umbi. Dengan memfokuskan peranannya sebagai organisasi pemantau pilihan raya domestik (DEMO), reputasi BERSIH kelihatan bercanggah dengan pra-syarat yang ditetapkan dalam pengoperasian DEMO yang tidak partisan. Pasca Pilihan Raya Umum 2018 menyaksikan BERSIH cuba memposisikan semula kedudukannya dalam struktur kuasa baru di bawah Pakatan Harapan dan berkompromi tentang prinsip yang dipegangnya. Dapatan kajian ini turut mendemonstrasikan sisi tidak sivil gerakan masyarakat sivil seperti BERSIH. Mengaplikasikan istilah masyarakat tidak sivil sebagai milik eksklusif NGO Melayu-Muslim adalah mengelirukan dan menyumbang kepada salah tanggapan bahawa masyarakat sivil pro-demokrasi mempunyai kejelasan moral yang lebih unggul.
Kata kunci: BERSIH; masyarakat sivil; masyarakat tidak sivil; organisasi pemantau pilihan raya domestik; pemantau pilihan raya Malaysia
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