Ecological transition: from the end-of-pipe to ecosystem approach for waste management in Malaysian City

Ahmad Fariz Mohamed (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, fariz@ukm.my), Abdul Samad Hadi (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, asamad@ukm.my), Shaharudin Idrus (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, din6358@ukm.my), Abdul Hadi Harman Shah (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, aharmans@ukm.my)

Abstract


Cities in Malaysia are experiencing rapid changes of their natural ecosystem. The development process of cities has transformed natural ecosystem into many types of land use in accordance with human development needs. As population grows and urban expands, waste and economic activities have also continued significantly over the decades. Since Malaysia’s independence in 1957, waste has been managed through the end-of-pipe approach which focuses on disposals of wastes to landfill. This practice gives negative impact to the environment and human health. Moreover, this approach increases costs to wastes generator and more landfills are required. The ecosystem functions are affected, and land value will decline there in the future. Being aware of these problems, cities in Malaysia have embarked on many programs in managing wastes in a sustainable manner. One of the activities is through recovery of waste as resources and these include recycling, reuse and reduce or 3R approaches. Since 1980s waste minimisation and the use of cleaner technology have been introduced. Therefore, the need for efficient urban ecosystem in managing resources consumption and waste generation is very important. A framework is needed within which to improve knowledge and decision making about materials used, waste reduction and pollution prevention. This framework will include systems that promote waste minimisation, waste recovery, waste exchange and conservation. Ultimately using natural ecosystem approach for cities to manage its wastes will ensure that it will be able to maintain its ecosystem functions and services for sustainable development.

Keyword: Waste; recovery; ecosystem; transition; sustainable development

ABSTRAK

Ekosistem semula jadi di bandar-bandar Malaysia kini sedang mengalami perubahan yang pesat. Proses pembangunan bandar telah mengubah ekosistem semula jadi kepada pelbagai jenis guna tanah mengikut keperluan pembangunan manusia. Pertambahan penduduk dan kawasan bandar yang berkembang pesat, maka lebih banyak tanah telah digunakan untuk aktiviti ekonomi dan menyokong keperluan kehidupan populasi bandar. Tambahan pula lebih banyak sumber telah digunakan untuk keperluan penduduk dan aktiviti ekonomi terutamanya oleh industri dan perniagaan. Sehubungan dengan itu penghasilan sisa dari aktiviti bandar dan ekonomi telah meningkat. Pengurusan sisa yang dihasilkan oleh bandar merupakan satu cabaran yang penting di Malaysia. Sejak merdeka pada tahun 1957, pengurusan sisa di Malaysia telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan hujung-paip yang mengutamakan pelupusan terus sisa di tapak pelupusan. Amalan ini telah mewujudkan masalah dan memberi kesan negatif kepada alam sekitar dan kesihatan manusia serta mengganggu fungsi ekosistem selain menurunkan nilai tanah di masa hadapan. Sejak 1980 pengurangan sisa dan penggunaan teknologi bersih telah diperkenalkan. Langkah besar untuk pengurusan sisa di bandar-bandar Malaysia secara lestari telah disokong dengan wujudnya Akta Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal dan Pembersihan Awam 2007. Akta ini merupakan komitmen utama Kerajaan Malaysia untuk mengurus sisa dengan lestari melalui penekanan kepada pengasingan sisa daripada sumber dan pengembalian semula sisa. Ini adalah titik perubahan kritikal kepada pengurusan sisa lestari di Malaysia. Ia juga merupakan titik tolak perubahan pengurusan sisa dari pendekatan linear kepada kitaran. Dasar dan akta ini akan memastikan fungsi dan perkhidmatan ekosistem bandar-bandar di Malaysia akan terus dapat menampung peningkatan isipadu sisa yang dihasilkan. Satu kerangka diperlukan dalam usaha untuk menambah baik pengetahuan dan keputusan bagi penggunaan bahan dan pengurangan sisa. Ini termasuk pendekatan untuk penglibatan lebih meluas masyarakat dan individu dalam menjayakan dasar dan strategi tersebut. Sehubungan dengan itu keperluan kecekapan untuk ekosistem bandar dalam mengurus penggunaan sumber dan penghasilan sisa adalah sangat penting dalam usaha untuk mengekalkan fungsi ekosistem dan perkhidmatan bandar untuk pembangunan lestari.

Kata kunci: Sisa; pengembalian semula; ekosistem; transisi; pembangunan lestari


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