The Traditional Portion of a Vietnamese Colonial Port City: Commerce, Politics and The Origin of Hải Phòng (1802-1888) (Aspek Tradisional Bandar Pelabuhan Kolonial Vietnam: Komersial, Politik dan Kemunculan Hai Phong (1802-18880))
Abstract
This article examines commercial activities, the impact of political interaction between the local powers and foreign colonialists, and other issues in the making of colonial port cities in Asia. By analyzing the formation history of Hải Phòng, one of largest seaports in Vietnam during the nineteenth century, the author of this study argues that indigenous factors played a more important role than other factors of the standard Western requirements for European powers to select places to establish ports in the early colonial period. Therefore, the convenience of an early modern trading center and the inland-connecting ability of Hải Phòng made it quickly become used as the main naval base in early expeditions of the French in Tonkin. Consequently, despite the difficulties of water transport to and from a seaport influenced by rivers and tides, the disagreement of scientist and the lack of infrastructure, the government of Indochina eventually decided to select Hải Phòng as the location to build the major port of northern Vietnam in the late nineteenth century. It is also the reason for this city not only maintaining marine exchange and transport under the domination of French colonialism but also remaining as an irreplaceable port in the northern part of modern Vietnam during the long twentieth century
Keyword: Hải Phòng, colonial port, commerce, politic, nineteenth century.
Abstrak
Artikel ini mengkaji aktiviti komersial, kesan interaksi politik antara kuasa tempatan dan penjajah asing, dan isu-isu lain dalam kewujudan bandar pelabuhan kolonial di Asia. Dengan menganalisis sejarah pembentukan Hải Phòng, salah satu pelabuhan terbesar di Vietnam pada abad kesembilan belas, penulis kajian ini berpendapat bahawa faktor tradisional tempatan memainkan peranan yang lebih penting berbanding dengan factor-faktor lain seperti keperluan pihak Barat dan kuasa Eropah dalam memilih tempat mendirikan pelabuhan mereka pada zaman awal penjajahan. Justeru, Hai Phong yang memiliki kemudahan pusat perdagangan yang moden dan kemampuan bandar tersbeut menghubungkan dengan kawasan pedalaman lantas memunculkannya sebagai pangkalan tentera laut utama dalam ekspedisi awal pihak Perancis di Tonkin. Natijahnya, faktor sungai dan air pasang yang dihadapi dalam memajukan pengangkutan air, perselisihan saintis tentang lokasi dan kekurangan infrastruktur yang dihadapi, menyebabkan akhirnya pemerintah Indochina mengambil keputusan memilih Hải Phảng sebagai lokasi didirikan pelabuhan utama di Vietnam utara pada akhir abad kesembilan belas. Ini juga menjadi alasan bandar ini tidak hanya kekal dalam sebagai bandar pelabuhan laut di bawah penguasaan kolonialisme Perancis tetapi juga kekal sebagai pelabuhan yang tidak dapat diganti di bahagian utara Vietnam moden dalam masa yang panjang semasa abad kedua puluh.
Kata kunci: Hải Phòng, pelabuhan kolonial, perdagangan, politik, abad kesembilan belas.
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