Determinants of Job Mismatch Among Graduates: A Case Study of Clerical Workers at Lahore, Pakistan (Penentu Ketidakpadanan Pekerjaan dalam Kalangan Graduan: Kajian Kes Pekerja Perkeranian di Lahore, Pakistan)

Mumtaz Anwar Chaudhry, Rabia Khalid, Rasim Özcan

Abstract


Job mismatch among graduates reflects inefficiencies in the labor market. An imbalance between the demand and
supply of graduates in the labor market leads to a horizontal mismatch. Nations make progress based on knowledge and
education but despite obtaining higher education individuals are unable to find a job related to their field of study. This
phenomenon occurs when educational institutes produce a large number of graduates while on the other hand, the supply
of graduates exceeds the demand for graduates. This study aims to find out the determinants of horizontal mismatch and
to analyze the reasons why workers have accepted the mismatched job. By using the worker’s self-assessment method required data is collected from the clerical workers of public and private sector universities at Lahore in 2019. These
universities include the University of the Punjab, Lahore, and the University of Management and Technology, Lahore.
Results of Logistic Regression analysis concluded that cost of job search, asymmetric information, and methods used to
find a job are the most important determinants of job-mismatch. This study has also analyzed the reasons why workers have accepted their present mismatched job. Findings concluded that individuals accepted mismatched-job due to pay and promotion opportunities and a good working environment. This study suggested establishing linkages between educational institutes and industries to better formulate the policy that reduces the extent of horizontal mismatch.


Keywords: Job-mismatch; logistic regression; worker’s self-assessment approach; graduates; asymmetric information

 


Ketidakpadanan pekerjaan mencerminkan ketidakcekapan dalam pasaran buruh. Ketidakseimbangan antara permintaan
dan penawaran graduan dalam pasaran buruh membawa kepada ketidakpadanan mendatar. Negara maju berdasarkan
pengetahuan dan Pendidikan tetapi walaupun memperoleh Pendidikan tinggi individu tidak dapat mencari pekerjaan
yang berkaitan dengan bidang pengajian mereka. Fenomena ini berlaku apabila institut pendidikan mengeluarkan
sejumlah besar graduan tetapi pasaran buruh tidak dapat menyerapnya dengan cekap kerana keterbatasan pekerjaan
yang tersedia. Matlamat kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor penentu ketidakpadanan mendatar dan
menganalisis sebab-sebab pekerja telah menerima pekerjaan tidaksepadan. Dengan menggunakan kaedah penilaian
kendiri pekerja, data yang diperlukan dikumpulkan daripada pekerjaper keranian universiti awam dan swasta di
Lahore pada 2019. Universiti yang disasarkan termasuk Universiti Punjab, Lahore dan Universiti Pengurusan dan
Teknologi. Keputusan analisis Regresi Logistik menunjukkan bahawa kos pencarian kerja, maklumat asimetri dan
kaedah yang digunakan untuk mencari pekerjaan adalah penentu paling penting ketidakpadanan kerja. Kajian ini juga
menganalisis sebab-sebab pekerja telah menerima pekerjaan mereka sekarang jika kerja itu tidak berkaitan dengan
bidang pengajian mereka. Sebab-sebabini termasuk: disebabkan peluang gaji dan kenaikan pangkat, persekitaran
kerja yang baik, lokasi pejabat, sekatan keluarga, perubahan minat kerjaya. Pekerjaan yang berkaitan dengan bidang
pengajian tidak tersedia. Dapatan menyimpulkan bahawa individu menerima pekerjaan tidak sepadan kerana peluang
gaji dan kenaikan pangkat serta persekitaran kerja yang baik. Kajian mencadangkan bahawa mesti ada hubungan
yang kuku hantara institut pendidikan dan industri untuk merumuskan dasar yang lebih baik yang mengurangkan tahap
ketidakpadanan mendatar.


Kata kunci: Ketidakpadanan kerja; Regresi Logistik; Pendekatan Penilaian Kendiri Pekerja; Graduan; Maklumat
Asimetri


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