Menjejaki Keadilan, Budaya dan Komunikasi Pengadil Bola Sepak (Exploring Justice, Culture and Football Referees’ Communication)

Peter Simmons (Charles Sturt University, psimmons@csu.edu.au), Lee Kuok Tiung (Universiti Malaysia Sabah, lee@ums.edu.my)

Abstract


Generaly referee communication discernment plays an important part in determining players’ reactions to referee’s decisions. However little is known about the relative influence of different referee communication styles and practices on players, nor differences because of cultures. Until now referees still rely on even changing curricula for the development of effective communication strategies (Mellick et al. 2005) which can be used in football matches. This article presents the conceptual framework for an international study of players’ reactions to different referee communication displays. The purpose is to gauge public acceptance of opinions regarding football and findings of previous studies pertaining to referee communication and ways people perceive fairness. This study was based on the belief that it is important to understand circumstances, which influence perception of fairness in society. Studies have shown that when people perceive fairness in decisions they tend to behave more pro-socially and cooperatively (van den Bos et al. 2005). More importantly, perceptions of fairness are not just based on the decision, but that fairness is alsoVseparately influenced by the decision-making process and the way people are treated by the decision-maker (Lind 2001). Based on Leung (2005), Hall and Reed-Hall (1990) and Hofstede (1980) this study predicts that national culture will influence footballers responses to referee communication displays. The article concludes with a discussion on quasi-experimental vignette method used to examine the effect that referee’s anger, explanation and age have on players’ perceptions of fairness in three countries characterised by distinct cultures – Australia, Malaysia and Spain.

Keywords: Referee, justice, culture, communication, vignette method.

ABSTRAK

Secara umum keterampilan komunikasi pengadil memainkan peranan penting dalam menentukan reaksi pemain terhadap keputusan pengadil. Walau bagaimanapun, sedikit sahaja diketahui tentang pengaruh relatif antara amalan dan gaya komunikasi pengadil yang berlainan terhadap pemain, mahupun perbezaan disebabkan budaya. Sehingga kini pengadil bola sepak masih bergantung kepada kurikulum yang berubah-ubah untuk mengetahui perkembangan strategi komunikasi yang efektif (Mellick et al. 2005) yang boleh digunakan dalam perlawanan bola sepak. Makalah ini mempersembahkan kerangka konseptual satu kajian peringkat antarabangsa berhubung reaksi pemain terhadap paparan komunikasi pengadil yang berlainan. Tujuannya adalah untuk menguji pandangan yang diterima umum tentang bola sepak dan dapatan hasil kajian sebelum ini berkenaan komunikasi pengadil, dan cara-cara seseorang melihat keadilan. Usaha ini berasaskan kepercayaan akan pentingnya memahami perkara yang mempengaruhi persepsi terhadap keadilan bagi semua lapisan masyarakt. Kajian masa lalu menunjukkan apabila seseorang melihat keadilan dalam keputusan, mereka cenderung untuk bertindak secara lebih pro-sosial dan bekerjasama (van den Bos et al. 2005). Paling penting adalah persepsi terhadap keadilan sebenarnya bukan semata-mata berasaskan keputusan, sebaliknya keadilan secara berasingan dipengaruhi oleh proses membuat keputusan dan cara seseorang dilayan oleh pembuat keputusan (Lind 2001). Bersandarkan hujah Leung (2005), Hall dan Reed-Hall (1990), dan Hofstede (1980), kajian meramal budaya nasional akan mempengaruhi respons pemain bola sepak terhadap paparan komunikasi pengadil. Makalah ini berakhir dengan membincang kaedah vignet quasi-eksperimental yang diguna untuk menguji kesan kemarahan, penjelasan dan umur pengadil dengan persepsi pemain tentang keadilan di tiga buah negara yang mempunyai ciri-ciri budaya yang berbeza, iaitu Australia, Malaysia dan Sepanyol.

Kata kunci: Pengadil, keadilan, budaya, komunikasi, kaedah vignet


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