Pembudayaan Etika dan Penyelesaian Konflik dalam Kalangan (Ethics Inculcation and Mitigating Conflict Among Development Agents in Kelantan)
Abstract
In general, Malaysia is still faced with blatant development disparity within states, region and urban-suburban. The National Mission of the Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010) and the National Integrity Plan (2004) has focused on the development parity as one of the main agenda of the country. Hence, one of the main challenges is to strengthen the integrity of federal-state development agents and all parties involved in the economic and political governance of the country. This article focuses on the political-economic development scenario in Kelantan to discuss the ethical issues embedded in the federal-state relationship and the weaknesses of the existing delivery system. Secondary reports such as the state and the country’s official reports are used as the main sources in discussing the issue. Agency theory is used to describe the relationship that exists between the federal-state agents. This is because the citizens are the principles, who had delegated the authority to administer the resources owned by the country and the state, to the administrator-agents at the state and national levels. As such, the state and federal administrators (politicians and government servants) would have opportunities for easy access to valuable resources, and thereby influence its distribution as well as development implementation at the grass roots level. From the discussion, it can be said that the development agents’ behaviour at the state and national levels has posed as hindrances to the development processes, that ultimately put the residual cost on the rakyat (citizens). Efforts to strengthen integrity among political agents and administrators are becoming increasingly indispensable for managing conflicts among federal-state development agents.
Keywords: Federal-state agents, agency theory, integrity; ethical behaviour; conflict agencies
ABSTRAK
Secara umumnya, Malaysia masih berhadapan dengan masalah ketidakseimbangan pembangunan yang ketara antara negeri, wilayah dan juga desa-bandar. Misi Nasional RMK 9 (2006-2010) dan Pelan Integriti Nasional (2004) telah mensasarkan agenda memupuk keseimbangan pembangunan sebagai salah satu matlamat penting yang ingin dicapai. Justeru, cabaran utama yang harus ditangani ialah memantapkan integriti antara agen pembangunan pusat-negeri, juga dalam kalangan golongan yang terlibat dalam urus tadbir ekonomi dan politik negara. Makalah ini memfokus kepada senario pembangunan ekonomi-politik Kelantan sebagai kes dalam melihat isu etika yang terkandung dalam perhubungan agen pusat-negeri serta kelemahan sistem penyampaian yang wujud. Sumber-sumber sekunder seperti laporan rasmi negeri dan negara digunakan sebagai sumber utama dalam mengupas isu ini. Teori Agensi telah digunakan bagi melihat perhubungan antara agen pusat-negeri tersebut. Justifikasi bagi menggunakan Teori Agensi ialah kerana rakyat merupakan prinsipal yang telah mendelegasi kuasa mentadbir sumber milik negeri dan negara kepada agen- agen pentadbir di peringkat negeri dan pusat. Oleh yang demikian, agen-agen pentadbir negeri dan pusat (politik serta penjawat awam), mempunyai peluang untuk memperolehi capaian mudah kepada sumber-sumber berharga negeri dan negara, seterusnya mempengaruhi bentuk agihan dan pelaksanaan pembangunan di peringkat akar umbi. Berdasarkan perbincangan, boleh dikatakan perlakuan agen pembangunan peringkat pusat dan negeri merupakan penghalang kepada kelancaran pembangunan negeri yang akhirnya meletakkan kos residual dalam bentuk kemunduran kepada prinsipal utama, iaitu rakyat. Usaha memantapkan integriti dalam kalangan agen politik dan pentadbiran adalah alat inovatif yang semakin diperlukan bagi menangani konflik yang terdapat dalam kalangan agen pembangunan pusat-negeri.
Kata Kunci: Agen pusat-negeri; Teori Agensi; integriti; perlakuan etika; konflik agensi
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