Analysis on Aspects of Traditional (‘Indigenous’) and Western Thinking in the
Abstract
English translations of excerpts from a translated traditional medical text in Burmese on what it termed the ‘madness disease’ is provided and commented on. It is asserted that the text confuses between causes, symptoms, etiology and treatment of mental disorders. As to the nature of ‘the cause’ of ‘madness disease’ the text gives the most emphasis on the supernatural, esoteric or ‘macabre’ causes of madness that is considered as an ‘affliction’ when the subject is ‘seized’ or possessed by the ‘nats’ roughly translated as evil ‘spirits’ or the agents of the evil spirits. The Burmese translation of this text which was published around the year 1963 directly contradicts the educative books on psychiatry written by a Burmese psychiatrist and a literary writer which was published in the same decade and which in effect ‘debunks’ the notion of madness being caused by the nats. In contrast to those discoursed in the traditional texts, the modern Burmese elites inclusive of psychiatrists, psychologists and literary writers adhere to and directly or indirectly espouse the tenets of the modern, Western concepts of mental illness. The theories of Michel Foucault and Thomas Szasz on mental illness can be considered as challenges to or strong dissents from the ‘main stream’ Western concepts of mental illness. The article concludes with an analysis of the possible causes of the lack of interest, discussion and discourse among even a handful of Burmese elites on the ‘dissident’ theories of Foucault and Szasz on the subject.
Keywords: Mardawa, madness disease, Nats, mental asylum, Burmese elites’ views
ABSTRAK
Terjemahan ke dalam Bahasa Inggeris beberapa petikan daripada teks perubatan tradisional yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Myanmar, tentang apa yang diistilahkan sebagai ‘penyakit gila’, dibentangkan dan diulas dalam makalah ini. Ditegaskan bahawa di dalam teks ini terdapat kekeliruan berkaitan sebab-sebab, tanda-tanda, etiologi dan rawatan untuk masalah penyakit gila. Berkenaan dengan sifat ‘sebab-sebab’ penyakit ini, teks ini memberi lebih tumpuan kepada hal yang berkaitan dengan kuasa ghaib, yang sukar difahami atau yang ngeri serta menyeramkan, yang dianggap sebagai gangguan apabila seseorang itu dirasuki oleh nat. Nat dalam bahasa Myanmar boleh disamakan dengan jin, syaitan dan hantu yang jahat atau agen-agen jin, syaitan dan hantu yang jahat itu. Terjemahan teks ini ke dalam bahasa Myanmar yang telah diterbitkan sekitar tahun 1963, didapati amat bertentangan dengan buku-buku pendidikan tentang psikiatri, yang ditulis oleh seorang pakar psikiatri dan sasterawan Myanmar, yang telah diterbitkan dalam dekad yang sama dan yang sebenarnya ‘menyangkal’ pendapat bahawa penyakit gila adalah disebabkan oleh nat. Bertentangan dengan apa yang diungkapkan dalam teks-teks tradisional, elit moden masyarakat Myanmar, termasuklah ahli psikiatri, psikologi dan sasterawan yang selain menerima, juga turut menyokong, sama ada secara langsung mahupun tidak langsung, dasar dan prinsip konsep moden Barat mengenai penyakit gila. Teori-teori Michel Foucault dan Thomas Szasz tentang penyakit gila boleh dianggap sebagai cabaran kepada atau bantahan kuat daripada pemikiran Barat arus perdana tentang penyakit gila. Makalah ini diakhiri dengan analisis mengenai sebab-sebab yang kemungkinan boleh dikaitkan dengan kurangnya minat, perbincangan dan wacana dalam kalangan sebilangan elit moden masyarakat Myanmar mengenai teori-teori Foucault dan Szasz, yang menyangkal perkara tersebut.
Kata kunci: Mardawa, penyakit gila, Nats, hospital pesakit mental, pandangan elit Myanmar
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