The Politics of Development in Sarawak
Abstract
Prior to the formation of Malaysia, Sarawak was a poor state with scarce physical infrastructure and slow economic growth. The Malayan leaders took advantage of this appalling condition by offering various development promises as an inducement for Sarawak to help form Malaysia. Development, therefore, became a ‘commodity’ which the state, as the ‘producer’, traded with the people of Sarawak in return for their support towards the formation of the new state. The politicisation of development has persisted in post-Independence Sarawak and becomes especially rampant during the present state leadership. This article dissects the state’s practice of politicising development by looking at the negeri government’s expenditure on minor rural projects and the practice of electoral patronage espoused by the ruling party from 1970 to 2006. Unlike the existing literature, this article analyses the ruling party’s strategy of electoral patronage by dividing it into four separate forms, namely promises of new development projects, issuance of financial grants and other ‘goodies’, opening ceremonies of completed projects, and ground-breaking ceremonies of new projects. It is argued that development has been exploited by the state as a tool of domination, thus hampering the growth of democracy and economic parity. As a result, the electoral domination of the ruling party, Barisan Nasional, has persisted in Sarawak including in the most recent 2008 election. To conclude, this article will discuss the future of the politics of development in Sarawak and its impact on the electorate and the ruling party.
Keywords: Domination, developmentalist state, electoral patronage, politics of development, elections
ABSTRAK
Di ambang pembentukan Malaysia, Sarawak adalah sebuah negeri miskin yang mempunyai kemudahan infrastruktur yang terhad dan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang perlahan. Pemimpin Tanah Melayu mengambil kesempatan terhadap kepincangan ini dengan menawarkan pelbagai janji pembangunan sebagai tarikan kepada Sarawak untuk membentuk Malaysia. Pembangunan, dalam konteks ini, menjadi ‘komoditi’ yang negara sebagai ‘pengeluar’ mendagangkannya kepada masyarakat Sarawak sebagai balasan sokongan mereka kepada pembentukan negara baru ini. Tren mempolitikkan pembangunan berterusan dalam era pasca kemerdekaan Sarawak dan menjadi semakin berleluasa dalam era pemerintahan masa kini. Artikel ini mengupas amalan negara mempolitikkan pembangunan dengan menganalisis perbelanjaan kerajaan negeri dalam projek luar bandar dan amalan penaungan pilihan raya yang didukung oleh parti pemerintah sejak tahun 1970 hingga 2006. Berbeza dengan penulisan lain, artikel ini mengupas secara terperinci strategi penaungan pilihan raya yang diamalkan oleh parti pemerintah dengan membahagikannya kepada empat bentuk yang berbeza, iaitu janji-janji projek pembangunan baru, pemberian geran kewangan dan imbuhan lain, perasmian projek pembangunan yang telah siap, dan upacara pecah tanah projek baru. Adalah dihujahkan bahawa pembangunan telah dieksploitasi negara sebagai alat dominasi yang akhirnya menghambat pencambahan demokrasi dan kesaksamaan ekonomi. Akibatnya, dominasi pilihan raya parti pemerintah, Barisan Nasional, berterusan di Sarawak termasuklah dalam pilihan raya 2008 baru-baru ini. Sebagai kesimpulan, makalah ini akan membincangkan masa depan politik pembangunan di Sarawak dan impaknya terhadap pengundi dan juga parti pemerintah.
Kata kunci: Dominasi, negara pembangunan, penaungan pilihan raya, politik pembangunan, pilihan raya
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