Transnationalism and Chinese Diaspora’s Struggle for Identity in British Malaya (1900- 1957) (Transnasionalisme dan Perjuangan Identiti Diaspora Cina di Zaman British Malaya (1900-1957))
Abstract
Malayan Chinese muted response to the Malayan Union proposal in 1946 which promised common citizenship rights and equal opportunity to non-Malays have not been sufficiently explained by existing literature. This article suggests that such muted response is due to the presence of Chinese transnationalism that diluted and diverted the community’s attention from seeking a Malayan identity. The article provides evidences that the increasing return nature of Chinese transnational politics and the institutionalisation of Chinese transnational linkages made a complete removal of Chinese transnational ties difficult. This article employs a historical institutional analysis, tracing the development and evolution of Chinese transnationalism from the mid nineteenth century to the period of Malaya’s independence. Using tools like process tracing, increasing returns, institutional density and path dependence, it will chronologically piece events throughout the above said period to explain how Chinese transnationalism evolve into a Malayan nationalism as a result of a confluence of factors – Malayan independence, the start of China’s communist rule in 1949 and the integration of Chinese communities within the larger Malayan community. Contrary to existing arguments, Chinese nationalism towards Malaya and Malaysia is a relatively new phenomenon; it had its roots probably in the late 1940s and almost certainly after the 1950s. This work is important because the “migration” from Chinese transnationalism to Chinese nationalism after the 1950s, could help provide clues towards understanding the political construction of modern Malaysian society.
Keywords: Transnationalism: Chinese Transnationalism; nationalism; Institutionalism; Malaya
Abstrak
Tindak balas orang Cina Malaya terhadap cadangan Malayan Union pada tahun 1946, yang menjanjikan hak kewarganegaraan bersama dan peluang sama rata kepada bukan Melayu belum cukup dijelaskan oleh sorotan kajian lepas yang sedia ada. Artikel ini menunjukkan bahawa tindak balas yang disenyapkan sedemikian adalah disebabkan oleh kehadiran transnasionalisme Cina yang mencairkan dan mengalihkan perhatian masyarakat daripada mencari identiti Malaya. Artikel ini memberikan bukti bahawa sifat pulangan politik transnasional Cina yang semakin meningkat dan penginstitusian hubungan transnasional Cina menjadikan penyingkiran sepenuhnya hubungan transnasional Cina adalah sukar. Artikel ini menggunakan analisis institusi sejarah, dalam menelusuri perkembangan dan evolusi transnasionalisme Cina dari pertengahan abad kesembilan belas hingga zaman kemerdekaan Tanah Melayu. Kaedah analisis menerusi pengesanan proses, meningkatkan usaha mengenalpasti kekuatan institusi, dan laluan pergantungan secara kronologi dalam menghuraikan peristiwa sepanjang tempoh tersebut di atas mengenai transnasionalisme Cina yang berkembang menjadi nasionalisme Malaya hasil daripada penemuan beberapa faktor - kemerdekaan Tanah Melayu, permulaan Pemerintahan komunis China pada tahun 1949 dan integrasi masyarakat Cina dalam masyarakat Malaya yang lebih besar. Bertentangan dengan hujah yang sedia ada, nasionalisme Cina terhadap Tanah Melayu dan Malaysia adalah fenomena yang agak baru; ia berakar umbi mungkin pada akhir 1940-an dan hampir pasti selepas 1950-an. Kajian ini penting kerana “penghijrahan” daripada transnasionalisme Cina kepada nasionalisme Cina selepas 1950-an boleh membantu memberikan petunjuk ke arah memahami pembinaan politik masyarakat Malaysia moden.
Kata kunci: Transnasionalisme; Transnasionalisme China; nasionalisme; institusionalisme; Malaya
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