National Identity, Mode of Networking and Integration of Bangladeshi Community in a Multi-cultural Society: Migrant Bangladeshis in Peninsular Malaysia
Abstract
Nation is referred to as ‘imagined community’ (Anderson 1991) that bears a common sense of belonging across various parts of a country. Behind that feeling of commonality national culture (of that nation) is identified as a stimulating force that binds people together. Across the border, among the migrant Bangladeshis in Malaysia, the accumulation of diverse groups of people in a common platform is not a widespread reality. Instead of homogeneity, heterogeneity is the most practised cultural reality among these migrants. The presence of intra and inter divisions based on respective demand and interest is a social fact in the study area. To accomplish everyday necessity networking is maintained, where nationalism is not an essence. It works, but is not the one and only factor. Rather, the nurturing of class/status interests, values and exploitation as well, regionalism and affiliation with the local authority by a body of professionals, businessmen and workers is very common. Along with this the formation of versatile identities through integration and interaction with multi-ethnic people, present in Malaysia, is another reality. In fact, the article will be an exploration of the mode of networking followed by the community to survive in Malaysia and the applicability of some concepts as, ‘nationalism’, ‘multiculturalism’, ‘homogeneity’, ‘heterogeneity’ and ‘hybridism’ behind their networking.
ABSTRAK
Bangsa dirujuk sebagai sebuah ‘komuniti bayangan’ (Anderson, 1991) yang membawa maksud perasaan kesepunyaan yang dikongsi sama dan yang merentasi pelbagai bahagian sesebuah negara. Di sebalik perasaan yang dikongsi sama itu ialah kebudayaan kebangsaan (sesebuah bangsa) yang dikenalpasti sebagai gerak daya yang merangsang pembentukan kesepaduan penduduk. Dalam kalangan pendatang Bangladesh di Malaysia, terkumpulnya pelbagai kumpulan manusia di satu landasan yang sama bukanlah satu realiti yang meluas. Bukannya kehomogenan, tetapi keheterogenan yang merupakan realiti budaya yang paling diamalkan oleh pendatang ini. Keberadaan pemisah intra dan inter yang berasaskan tuntutan dan kepentingan tertentu merupakan satu hakikat sosial dalam kawasan kajian. Untuk perolehi keperluan harian jaringan hubungan dipelihara, terutama di mana nasionalisme bukan merupakan satu tuntutan. Sungguhpun faktor ini boleh berjaya, namun bukan merupakan satu-satunya faktor. Sebaliknya, pemupukan kepentingan kelas/ status, nilai dan juga eksploitasi serta kewilayahan dan afiliasi dengan pihak berkuasa tempatan oleh sekumpulan profesional, peniaga dan pekerja adalah sesuatu yang lazim berlaku. Seiringan hal ini ialah satu lagi realiti, iaitu pembentukan identiti yang serba boleh hasil integrasi dan interaksi dengan penduduk pelbagai etnik yang terdapat di Malaysia. Makalah ini merupakan satu tinjauan tentang mode jaringan hubungan yang diamalkan oleh pendatang Bangladesh supaya dapat terus berada di Malaysia. Selain itu, makalah ini juga meninjau kegunaan beberapa konsep seperti nasionalisme, pelbagai budaya, kehomogenan, keheterogenan dan hibridisme yang terdapat di sebalik jaringan hubungan mereka itu.
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