Kepimpinan Maya Guru Besar dan Kesediaan Guru terhadap Perubahan di Sekolah Program TS25 (Headmaster Virtual Leadership and Teacher Readiness for Change in TS25 Schools)
Abstract
Perkembangan teknologi semasa dan perubahan iklim kerja pasca pandemik Covid 19 menjadikan kepimpinan maya semakin relevan dan penting. Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti tahap amalan kepimpinan maya guru besar, tahap kesediaan guru terhadap perubahan, menguji hubungan antara kedua-dua pemboleh ubah serta menentukan tahap kepimpinan maya dan kesediaan guru terhadap perubahan berdasarkan faktor demografi. Kajian tinjauan ini melibatkan 303 sampel guru daripada 1100 populasi. Analisis deskriptif yang memberikan nilai min, sisihan piawai, frekuensi dan peratus adalah untuk menentukan tahap pemboleh ubah manakala analisis inferensi melibatkan ujian korelasi Pearson, ujian t serta anova satu hala dibuat untuk menguji hubungan dan perbezaan antara pemboleh ubah. Dapatan menunjukkan tahap amalan kepimpinan maya guru besar (min = 3.97, sisihan piwai = 0.73) dan tahap kesediaan guru terhadap perubahan (min = 3.98, sisihan piawai = 0.60) adalah pada tahap yang tinggi. Dapatan juga menunjukkan terdapat hubungan positif yang kuat antara tahap amalan kepimpinan maya dengan tahap kesediaan guru terhadap perubahan (r = 0.65). Analisis juga menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan tahap amalan kepimpinan maya guru besar berdasarkan faktor jantina tetapi terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan berdasarkan faktor umur. Seterusnya dapatan menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan dalam tahap kesediaan guru terhadap perubahan berdasarkan faktor jantina dan tempoh perkhidmatan. Antara implikasi kajian ialah latihan kepimpinan perlu mempunyai komponen kepimpinan maya, manakala untuk kajian akan datang dicadangkan agar kaedah kualitatif digunakan untuk memperjelaskan lagi faktor-faktor dalam kepimpinan maya yang boleh meningkatkan kesediaan guru untuk melakukan perubahan di samping melibatkan sampel yang lebih menyeluruh.
Kata kunci: Kepimpinan maya; guru besar; kesediaan terhadap perubahan; guru; Program TS25
Abstract
Current technological developments and post-pandemic work climate of Covid 19 make virtual leadership increasingly relevant. This study aims to identify the level of virtual leadership practice of head teachers, the level of teacher readiness for change, the relationship between the two variables and to determine the level of virtual leadership and teacher readiness for change based on demographic factors. The survey involved 303 teachers out of 1100 populations. Descriptive analysis giving mean values, standard deviation, frequency and percentage was to determine the level of variables while inferential analysis involving Pearson correlation test, t test and one-way anova was made to test the relationship and difference between variables. Findings show that the level of head teachers’ virtual leadership (mean = 3.97, standard deviation = 0.73) and the level of teachers' readiness (mean = 3.98, standard deviation = 0.60) are at a high level. The findings also show that there is a strong positive relationship between the variables (r = 0.649). The analysis also showed that there was no significant difference in the level of virtual leadership practice of head teachers based on gender factors but there were significant differences based on age factors. Furthermore, the findings show that there are significant differences in the level of teachers' readiness based on gender factors and length of service. The implications of the study are that leadership training should have virtual leadership component, while for future studies qualitative methods and more samples are recommended.
Keywords: Headmaster; virtual leadership; teacher; readiness for change; Ts25 schools
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdul Razak Osman. 2017. Taklimat TS25. Slaid. IPGK Pulau Pinang: KPM
Aizat, M., Hassan, A., Rabani, M.F., Ekhwan, M., Shukor, M., Mastifino, M. & Majid, A. 2018. Sikap guru terhadap perubahan dalam sekolah di Malaysia. Management Research Journal 7(1): 188–196.
Amanchukwu, R.N., Stanley, G.J. & Ololube, N.P. 2015. A Review of Leadership Theories, Principles and Styles and Their Relevance to Educational Management. Management 5(1): 6–14.
Armenakis, A.A., Harris, S.G. & Mossholder, K.W. 1993. Armenakis, Harris & Mossholder (1993) Creating Readiness for Organizational Change.
Armenakis, A.A. & Bedeian, A.G. 1999. Organizational change: A review of theory and research in the 1990s. Journal of Management 25(3): 293–315.
Avolio, B.J. & Kahai, S.S. 2003. Adding the “E” to E-leadership: Hot it may impact your leadership. Organizational Dynamics 31(4): 325–338.
Avolio, B.J. & Kahai, S. & Dodge. 2003. E-leadership: Implications for theory, research and practice. The Leadership Quaterly 11(4): 615–668.
Ary, D., Jacobs, C., L. & Sorensen, C. 2010. Introduction to research in education. 8th ed. United States of America: Wadsworth.
Azleen Suhaida Mohd Azhar. 2016. Hubungan kesediaan guru vokasional menghadapi perubahan, sokongan pentadbir dan komitmen organisasi. Tesis Sarjana, Fakulti Pengajian Pendidikan, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Bansal, M. 2008. Traditional Leadership Vis a Vis E-Leadership. Review Literature and Arts Of The Americas 9(2): 79–87.
Bass, B., Bass, R. (2008). The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research and Managerial Application. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Burnes, B. & Bargal, D. 2017. Kurt Lewin: 70 Years on. Journal of Change Management 17(2): 91–100.
Bouziri, H., Smith, D. R., Descatha, A., Dab, W., and Jean, K. (2020). Working from home in the time of Covid-19: how to best preserve occupational health? Occupat. Environ. Med. 77, 509–510. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2020-10 6599
Cascio, W. F., and Montealegre, R. (2016). How technology is changing work and organizations. Ann. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav. 3, 349–375. doi: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062352
Carvan, M. 2015. Leadership Education for the Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous Now: A Challenge to the Field. The Journal of Leadership Education 14(4): 3–10.
Chow, T.W., Mohd. Salleh, L. & Arif Ismail, I. 2017. Lessons from the Major Leadership Theories in Comparison to the Competency Theory for Leadership Practice. Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 3(2): 147–156.
Chua, Y.P. & Chua, Y.P. 2017. How are e-leadership practices in implementing a school virtual learning environment enhanced? A grounded model study. Computers and Education 109: 109–121.
Cresswell, J.W. 2013. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Darics, E. 2020. E-Leadership or “How to Be Boss in Instant Messaging?” The Role of Nonverbal Communication. International Journal of Business Communication 57(1): 3–29.
DasGupta, P. 2011. Literature review: e-Leadership. Emerging Leadership Journeys 4(1): 1–36.
DeSanctis, G., & Poole, M. S. (1994). Capturing the complexity in advanced technology use: Adaptive Structuration Theory. Organization Science, 5, 121–1
Fatimah Binti Abdul Rashid & Hassan, H. Bin. 2019. Analisis Perbezaan Tahap Kesediaan Guru Terhadap 1Bestarinet Dari Aspek Jantina, Bangsa Dan Usia. International Journal of Humanities Technology and Civilization (IJHTC) 53(9): 1689–1699.
Fonstad, N. (2013). E-leadership, e-skills for competitiveness and innovation vision, roadmap and foresight scenarios: final report, e-skills vision, The European Commission, 67-103.
Garcia Carreño, I.D.V. 2020. e-Leadership: A Bibliometric Analysis. International Journal of Advanced Corporate Learning (iJAC) 13(1): 19.
Galli, B.J. 2018. Change Management Models: A Comparative Analysis and Concerns. IEEE Engineering Management Review 46(3): 124–132.
Gardner, W. L., Lowe, K. B., Moss, T. W., Mahoney, K. T., and Cogliser, C. C. (2010). Scholarly leadership of the study of leadership: a review of The leadership quarterly’s second decade, 2000–2009. Leader. Q. 21, 922–958. doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.003
Gelaidan, H.M., Al-Swidi, A. & Mabkhot, H.A. 2018. Employee Readiness for Change in Public Higher Education Institutions: Examining the Joint Effect of Leadership Behavior and Emotional Intelligence. International Journal of Public Administration 41(2): 150–158.
Giddens, A. (1979). Central problems in social theory: Action, structure and contradiction in social analysis. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Giddens, Anthony. (1984). The Constitution of Society, Cambridge polity press Oxford.
Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., and Dino, R. N. (2008). The impact of professional isolation on teleworker job performance and turnover intentions: Does time spent teleworking, interacting face-to-face, or having access to communicationenhancing technology matter? J. Appl. Psychol. 93:1412. doi: 10.1037/a0012722
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B.J. & Anderson, R.E. 2010. Multivariate data analysis. 7th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Holt, D.T., Armenakis, A.A., Feild, H.S. & Harris, S.G. 2007. Readiness for organizational change: The systematic development of a scale. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 43(2): 232–255.
Hiatt, J. M. (2013). Employees Survival Guide to Change: The Complete Guide To Surviving and Thriving During Organizational Change. Loveland, CO, USA: Prosci Research.
Ibara, E. C. (2010). Perspectives in Educational Administration. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Rodi Printing and Publishing
Jameson. (n.d.). British Journal of Educational Technology - 2013 - - Special issue on e‐leadership Editorial.pdf.
Jabatan Pendidikan Melaka. 2020. Taklimat Pengoperasian TS25Kohort 5 2020. Slaid. Melaka. JPN Melaka
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2013). Pelan pembangunan pendidikan Malaysia 2013-2025. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
Khalip, M. & Rofidah, M.N. 2018. Amalan Kepimpinan Guru dalam Kalangan Guru-Guru Sekolah Rendah Daerah Bagan Datuk, Perak. Management Research Journal 7(1): 100–116.
Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard Business School Press.
Kiani, A. & Shah, M.H. 2014. An Application of ADKAR Change Model for the Change Management Competencies of School Heads in Pakistan. Journal of Managerial Sciences 8(1): 77–95.
Kin, T.M. & Kareem, O.A. 2017. Measuring teacher attitudes towards change: An empirical validation. International Journal of Management in Education 11(4): 437–469.
Kissler, G. D. (2001). E-leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 30(2), 121-133.
Kraft, M.H.G. 2019. How to lead with digital media effectively? A literature-based analysis of media in a E-leadership context. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People 8(4): 42–53.
Lee, M. R. (2009). E-ethical leadership for virtual project teams. International Journal of Project Management, 27(5), 456-463
Lokman Mohd Tahir, Mohd Anuar Abd Rahman, M. Al-Muzammil Yassin, P.A.L. 2010. Penilaian Guru Sekolah Rendah Terhadap Peranan Guru Besar Sekolah Sebagai Pemimpin Teknologi Maklumat Dan Komunikasi (Ict) (Teachers. Asia Pacific Journal Of Educators And Education 25: 169–188.
Maduka, N.S., Edwards, H., Greenwood, D., Osborne, A. & Babatunde, S.O. 2018. Analysis of competencies for effective virtual team leadership in building successful organisations. Benchmarking 25(2): 696–712.
Mahmoud Al-Hussami, Sawsan Hamad, F.A. 2017. Leadership in Health Services Article information: Leadership.
Marni Izzati Kamaruddin. 2020. Perbezaan Tahap Pengetahuan, Penggunaan dan Penerimaan Guru Bahasa Melayu berdasarkan Faktor Umur dan Pengalaman Mengajar ketika Mengaplikasikan Persekitaran Pembelajaran Maya. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu 7171 Malay Language Journal Education (MyLEJ) 10, Bil. 2(November 2019): 15–28.
Mei Kin, T., Abdull Kareem, O., Nordin, M.S. & Wai Bing, K. 2018. Principal change leadership competencies and teacher attitudes toward change: the mediating effects of teacher change beliefs. International Journal of Leadership in Education 21(4): 427–446.
Memon, F.A. 2020. Role of leadership communication in creating change readiness: revisiting Kurt Lewin’s Model in telecommunication sector of Pakistan. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 13(26): 2625–2632.
Mohamad, Mua’azam, Don Yahya, S.N.I. 2016. Jurnal kepimpinan pendidikan |(April): 1–14.
Mohd Yusri Ibrahim. 2013. Model E-Kepimpinan , Komunikasi Kumpulan & Kepuasan Kerja Dalam Kalangan Pemimpin Sekolah Di Malaysia. Seminar Pengurusan dan Kepimpinan Pendidikan ke- 20.
Moidunny, K. 2009. The Effectiveness of the National Professional Qualification for Educational Leaders (NPQEL). Tesis Phd Tidak Diterbitkan, Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Muldoon, J. 2019. Kurt Lewin: Organizational Change. The Palgrave Handbook of Management History: 1–18.
Mustajab, D., BAUW, A., irawan, A., RASYİD, A., ALDRİN AKBAR, M. & AMİN HAMİD, M. 2020. Covid-19 Pandemic: What are the Challenges and Opportunities for e-Leadership? Fiscaoeconomia 4(2): 483–497.
Nik Noraini, R.A. & Noor Hisham, M.N. 2018. Kesediaan untuk Berubah dalam Kalangan Guru Sekolah Rendah di Negeri Kelantan. Online Journal of Language, Communication, and Humanities 1(2): 40–59.
Northouse, G. (2007). Leadership Theory and Practice (3rd ed.) Thousand Oak: Sage Publications.
Noraini Idris. 2010. Penyeldidikan Dalam Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: McGraw-Hill Education
Nur Suraya Hashim. 2015. Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kesediaan Untuk Berubah Dalam Kalangan Guru Sekolah Menengah Daerah Kubang Pasu, Kedah Darul Aman. Universiti Utara Malaysia (September)
Oh, S.P. & Chua, Y.P. 2018. An Explorative Review of E-Leadership Studies. International Online Journal of Educational Leadership 2(1): 4–20.
Peretomode, V. F. (1991). Educational administration: applied concept and theoretical perspective. Lagos, Nigeria: Joja Educational Research and Publishers
Phang Iywon, V. & Mohd Nasri, N. 2020. Tahap Kesediaan Dan Sokongan Bagi Pelaksanaan Pendekatan Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat Dan Komunikasi Dalam Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran Guru Sekolah Rendah. International Journal of Education and Pedagogy 2(4)(December 2020): 489–508.
Rahman, H.A. 2018. RunningHead: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LEADERSHIP STYLES AMONG RURAL SCHOOL 81 11 ICLICE 2018 - 019 Hamidon Abdul Rahman: 81–88.
Ramanan, B. & Mohamad, M. Bin. 2020. Validating a model of change readiness among Malaysian school teachers: A structural equation modeling approach. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research 19(2): 79–93.
Robson, C. 2011. 2011. Real world research: A resource for social-scientist and practitioner -researcher. 3rd edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Rowe, W. G. (2007). Cases in Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Salvarli, M.S. & Kayiskan, D. 2018. An Analysis of McKinsey 7-S Model and Its Application on Organizational Efficiency. International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research www.iiste.org ISSN 4(7): 103–111.
Sekaran, U. 2003. Research method for business: A skill building approach. 2nd Ed. New. York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Singh, G.S.B. 2019. Restructuring the National Professional Qualification for Educational Leaders (Npqel) in Malaysia: A Summary Report. International Online Journal of Educational Leadership 3(2): 4–21.
Surji, K. 2014. Understanding Leadership and Factors that Influence Leaders’ Effectiveness. European Journal of Business and Management (January 2015).
Tai, M.K., & Omar, A. K. (2014). Teacher attitudes toward change: A study in Malaysian high performing secondary school. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 21(3), 543-549.
Van Wart, M., Roman, A., Wang, X.H. & Liu, C. 2019. Operationalizing the definition of e-leadership: identifying the elements of e-leadership. International Review of Administrative Sciences 85(1): 80–97.
Vidgen, R., Shaw, S., and Grant, D. B. (2017). Management challenges in creating value from business analytics. Eur. J. Operational Res. 261, 626–639. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2017.02.023
World Economic Forum (in collaboration with Accenture) (2018). Digital Transformation Initiative - Unlocking $100 Trillion for Business and Society from Digital Transformation (Executive Summary), 1–71. Available online at: https: http://reports.weforum.org/digital-transformation/wp-content/blogs. dir/94/mp/files/pages/files/dti-executive-summary-20180510.pdf
Zakeer Ahmed, K., Allah, N. & Irfanullah, K. 2016. Leadership theories and styles: A literature review. Journal of Resources Development and Management 16(January): 1–7.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
ISSN: 0126-5008
eISSN: 0126-8694