Hakisan Muara dan Pantai Kuala Kemaman, Terengganu: Permasalahan Dimensi Fizikal dan Sosial (Erosion in the Estuary and Coastal Area in Kuala Kemaman, Terengganu: A Physical and Social Dimension Setback)

Abstract

This article deals with the impacts of erosion in the estuary and coastal area at the Kuala Kemaman from two dimensions. Firstly, physical dimension which involves the estuary and coastal monitoring due to severe erosion, and second the human dimension which focus on the problem and dilemma among the coastal community in the Kuala Kemaman particularly the issues of security and their migration to Paya Berenjut. Results analysed using photo survey year 1997, aerial photo year 2000 and photo survey year 2004 indicate that the Kemaman River estuary face severe erosion. Efforts carried out by the Drainage and Irrigation Department (DID) to control the erosion using beach nourishment technique in 1998 was unable to control the disaster. The erosion also hugely impacted the coastal community. Apart from having lost their shelters, house lots and grave area, coastal erosion also created problems to the fisherman in Kuala Kemaman. Although the government provided alternative housing lots in Paya Berenjut, problems such as migration, boat equipments security and lack of infrastructure facilities instigated most of the fishermen to refuse to move to the new residential area in Paya Berenjut. Long term planning on erosion issues must accordingly address the physical aspect such as building gabion, wave retention wall and beach nourishment, as well as the well-being of the full time fisherman.

ABSTRAK

Makalah ini menyorot kesan hakisan muara sungai dan pantai yang berlaku di Kuala Kemaman daripada dua dimensi. Pertama, dimensi fizikal melibatkan pencerapan profil muara sungai dan pantai akibat hakisan dan kedua dimensi sosial dengan tumpuan kepada permasalahan dan dilema komuniti pesisir Kuala Kemaman mengenai masalah hakisan, khususnya melibatkan soal keselamatan dan perpindahan mereka ke Paya Berenjut. Hasil analisis yang menggunakan gambar ukur tahun 1997, foto udara tahun 2000 dan gambar ukur tahun 2004 menunjukkan muara Sungai Kemaman telah mengalami hakisan yang serius. Usaha Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (JPS) mengawal hakisan melalui program penyuburan pasir pantai (beach nourishment) pada tahun 1998 didapati kurang berjaya mengawal bencana tersebut. Hakisan yang berlaku turut memberikan impak yang besar kepada komuniti pesisir di Kuala Kemaman. Selain dari kehilangan tempat tinggal, tapak rumah dan kawasan perkuburan, hakisan pesisir menimbulkan beberapa masalah kepada nelayan di sini. Walaupun kerajaan menyediakan tapak alternatif di Paya Berenjut, isu perpindahan, keselamatan peralatan bot dan kemudahan infrastruktur yang kurang sempurna di situ menyebabkan kebanyakan nelayan enggan berpindah. Pelan perancangan jangka panjang hendaklah melihat isu hakisan di sini bukan sahaja daripada perspektif fizikal seperti membina sangkar batu, tempoh penahan ombak dan penyuburan pasir pantai, tetapi juga kesejahteraan golongan nelayan sepenuh masa di sini.