Pengaruh Faktor Latar Belakang Terhadap Orientasi Sikap Keusahawanan dalam Kalangan Usahawan Belia Bumiputera Muslim (The Influence of Background Factors on Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation among Muslim Bumiputera Youth Entrepreneurs)

Abstract

Kajian ini dijalankan untuk meneliti tahap orientasi sikap keusahawanan berdasarkan faktor demografi pengalaman perniagaan, tahap pendidikan formal dan kekerapan mengikuti latihan keusahawanan dalam kalangan usahawan belia Bumiputera Muslim yang diukur berdasarkan lima sub-skala sikap iaitu etika Muslim, keperluan kepada pencapaian, kawalan personal, penghargaan diri dan inovasi. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah penyelidikan campuran yang mengambil pendekatan Reka Bentuk Penerangan, di mana 199 set soal selidik telah diedarkan terlebih dahulu kepada responden ke seluruh populasi yang terdiri daripada usahawan belia Bumiputera Muslim yang mendapat bantuan pembiayaan Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) di daerah Johor Bahru, Batu Pahat dan Pontian. Berdasarkan dapatan analisis secara kuantitatif tersebut, pengkaji membina set soalan temu bual untuk diajukan kepada responden yang dipilih secara sampel bertujuan yang terdiri daripada 4 orang responden soal selidik dan seorang usahawan yang dicadangkan oleh pihak MARA bagi tujuan peneguhan dan huraian sokongan. Ujian analisis secara deskriptif dan analisis MANOVA digunakan untuk menguji data soal selidik secara kuantitatif, manakala analisis kandungan digunakan untuk menguji data temu bual secara kualitatif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa secara keseluruhan terdapat perbezaan orientasi sikap keusahawanan dalam kalangan usahawan belia Bumiputera Muslim yang signifikan berdasarkan faktor tahap pendidikan formal dan kekerapan mengikuti latihan keusahawanan, tetapi sebaliknya tiada perbezaan yang signifikan berdasarkan faktor pengalaman perniagaan. Sementara itu, analisis terhadap lima sub-skala secara berasingan mendapati faktor tahap pendidikan formal hanya signifikan pada dua sub-skala sahaja (penghargaan diri dan kawalan personal). Manakala faktor kekerapan mengikuti latihan keusahawanan pula hanya signifikan pada satu sub-skala sahaja (etika Muslim). Kajian ini seterusnya merumuskan bahawa faktor tahap pendidikan formal dan kekerapan mengikuti latihan keusahawanan mempunyai pengaruh ke atas orientasi sikap keusahawanan dalam kalangan usahawan belia Bumiputera Muslim namun pada kadar yang rendah. Kajian ini oleh itu mencadangkan agar kajian lanjutan dilakukan ke atas faktor-faktor lain seperti pelaksanaan program latihan keusahawanan dan pengalaman berniaga keluarga.

Kata kunci: Sikap keusahawanan; usahawan; belia; Bumiputera Muslim; faktor latar belakang

This study was conducted to examine levels of entrepreneurial attitude orientation based on the demographic factors of business experience, the level of formal education, and the frequency of attending entrepreneurial training among Muslim Bumiputera youth entrepreneurs. It was measured by five sub-scale attitudes, namely Muslim ethics, the need for achievement, personal control, self-esteem, and innovation. The study used a mixed methods research approach of Explanatory Design and 199 questionnaires were distributed to respondents. The respondents were Muslim Bumiputera youth entrepreneurs who had previously received Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) financial assistance in the districts of Johor Bahru, Batu Pahat, and Pontian. Based on quantitative analysis findings, a set of interview questions were drafted and posed to respondents, who were selected by purposive sampling. Descriptive analysis and MANOVA analysis was then used to test the questionnaire for quantitative data, while content analysis was applied to the qualitative interviews. The results showed that there were significant differences in entrepreneurial attitude orientation among the Muslim Bumiputera respondents. These were based on factors including their level of formal education and how often they attended entrepreneurial training. However, there were no significant differences resulting from their business experience. Meanwhile, a separate analysis of the five sub-scales named above, showed that the level of formal education was only significant in two sub-scales (self-esteem and personal control), while the frequency of attending entrepreneurial training was only significant in one sub-scale (Muslim ethics). The other three sub-scales showed a low percentage change. Hence, this study concluded that levels of formal education and the frequency of attending entrepreneurial training programs have a low level influence on entrepreneurial attitudes orientation among Muslim Bumiputera youth entrepreneurs. It is recommended that further research be done on other relevant factors, such as the implementation of entrepreneurship training programs and family business experience.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial attitude; entrepreneur; youth; Bumiputera Muslims; background factor