Kra Canal (1824-1910): The Elusive Dream
Abstract
Positioned in the north of the Malay Peninsula, the Isthmus of Kra is the narrowest land mass separating the Andaman Sea from the Gulf of Thailand. Cutting a canal across this isthmus – seldom more than 50 miles across – will reduce almost 1,500 miles of sea route between Europe and East Asia and offer a time saving of almost three days. Yet, what initially appears to be a logical and potentially profitable construction project has proven to be nothing more than an elusive dream. This article looks at the various proposals forwarded for The Kra Canal between 1824 and 1910, during the reigns of King Rama III Phra Nangklao, King Rama IV Mongkut and King Rama V Chulalongkorn. Coincidentally, these three eras represented the period of Siam’s modernisation amid creeping European colonisation. These eras also showed Siam’s different approaches to foreign relations: Phra Nangklao was an isolationist, Mongkut welcomed foreigners and Chulalongkorn was a fervent moderniser. In their different separate ways, all the three kings entertained various proposals to construct a canal across the Isthmus of Kra only to see to their failure of taking off beyond the planning stages. The insecurity of Siam’s independence at the height of European colonialism in Southeast Asia was the penultimate reason for Siam’s refusal to realise the Kra Canal dream.
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ABSTRAK
Segenting Kra yang terletak di utara Tanah Melayu merupakan pembahagi tanah yang mengasingkan Lautan Adaman dengan Teluk Thailand. Pembinaan sebuah terusan merentas Segenting Kra yang lebarnya tidak melebihi 50 batu akan menjimatkan lebih daripada 1,500 batu perjalanan di antara Eropah dengan Asia Timur serta mengurangkan tiga hari masa pelayaran. Apa yang pada awalnya nampak sebagai satu projek yang logik dan boleh menguntungkan telah menjadi sebuah mimpi yang tidak boleh dicapai. Artikel ini akan melihat kepada persaingan-persaingan untuk membina Terusan Kra daripada 1824 hingga 1910 di bawah pemerintahan Raja Rama III Phra Nangklao, Raja Rama IV Mongkut dan Raja Rama V Chulalongkorn. Secara kebetulan, era ketiga-tiga raja ini melambangkan jangka masa pemodenan Siam dalam masa perkembangan penjajahan Barat. Ketiga-tiga era merujuk kepada cara berlainan untuk berdepan dengan penjajahan Barat – Phra Nangklao bersifat tutup pintu, Mongkut mempelawa kemasukan pengaruh asing dan Chulalongkorn mementingkan pemodenan. Di dalam cara mereka yang tersendiri, ketiga-ketiga raja Siam ini melayan projek pembinaan Terusan Kra di Segenting Kra. Namun demikian, walaupun wujudnya pelbagai tinjauan dan kajian dilaksanakan, semua cadangan pembinaan Terusan Kra gagal bergerak daripada pelan permulaan. Artikel ini mendapati kesemua cadangan pembinaan Terusan Kra menghadapi jalan buntu. Ketidakyakinan raja-raja Siam terhadap memelihara kedaulatan negara merupakan sebab utama yang menggagalkan projek pembinaan Terusan Kra.
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