Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti keperluan guru bukan opsyen terhadap pembangunan modul pembelajaran mudah alih bagi pengajaran Pendidikan Jasmani. Kajian analisis keperluan ini melihat dari aspek kepuasan guru terhadap bahan rujukan sedia ada, masalah dalam pengajaran Pendidikan Jasmani, serta persetujuan mereka terhadap keperluan pembangunan modul pembelajaran mudah alih bagi pengajaran Pendidikan Jasmani. Kajian kuantitatif ini menggunakan borang soal selidik sebagai instrumen dan melibatkan 354 orang guru bukan opsyen Pendidikan Jasmani sebagai responden kajian. Responden yang dipilih secara rawak berstrata yang dipilih dari satu negeri bagi mewakili setiap zon di seluruh Malaysia. Dapatan analisis deskriptif menunjukkan kepuasan guru terhadap bahan rujukan sedia ada dalam Pendidikan Jasmani berada pada tahap sederhana (M = 3.40, SP = 0.743). Masalah guru bukan opsyen dalam pelaksanaan pengajaran Pendidikan Jasmani pada tahap sederhata tinggi (M = 3.54, SP = 0.796). dan juga tahap persetujuan guru terhadap keperluan pembangunan modul pembelajaran mudah alih bagi pengajaran Pendidikan Jasmani berada pada adalah tinggi (M = 4.11, SP = 0.642). Dapatan ini menunjukkan bahawa persetujuan guru bukan opsyen Pendidikan Jasmani terhadap pembangunan modul pembelajaran mudah alih bagi pengajaran Pendidikan Jasmani adalah positif berikutan mereka menghadapi masalah dari sudut pengetahuan, kemahiran mengajar dan motivasi disamping kekurangan sumber bahan rujukan sedia ada. Maka, kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa integrasi teknologi aplikasi mudah alih dalam pembangunan modul bagi pelaksanaan pengajaran Pendidikan Jasmani amat diperlukan oleh guru bukan opsyen. Justeru, pembangunan modul ini berpotensi meningkatkan keberkesanan pengajaran guru bukan opsyen dalam pengajaran Pendidikan Jasmani.

Abstract: This study aims to identify the needs of out-of-field teachers regarding the development of a mobile learning module for the teaching of Physical Education. The needs analysis focuses on teachers’ satisfaction with existing reference materials, the challenges faced in teaching Physical Education, and their agreement on the necessity of developing a mobile learning module for this subject. This quantitative study employed a questionnaire as the research instrument and involved 354 out-of-field Physical Education teachers as respondents. The respondents were selected using stratified random sampling from one state representing each region across Malaysia. Descriptive analysis findings revealed that teacher satisfaction with existing reference materials in Physical Education was at a moderate level (M = 3.40, SD = 0.743). The level of challenges faced by out-of-field teachers in implementing Physical Education teaching was moderately high (M = 3.54, SD = 0.796). Furthermore, the level of agreement among teachers on the need for the development of a mobile learning module for teaching Physical Education was high (M = 4.11, SD = 0.642). These findings indicate a positive response from out-of-field Physical Education teachers toward the development of a mobile learning module, as they face challenges related to knowledge, teaching skills, and motivation, in addition to a lack of sufficient reference materials. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of integrating mobile application technology into module development to support the implementation of Physical Education teaching. Consequently, the proposed module has the potential to enhance the teaching effectiveness of out-of-field teachers in delivering Physical Education lessons.

References

Abdulla, A., Whipp, P. R., McSporran, G., & Teo, T. (2022a). An interventional study with the Maldives generalist teachers in primary school physical education: An application of self-determination theory. PLoS ONE, 17(5 May). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268098

Abdulla, A., Whipp, P. R., & Teo, T. (2022b). Teaching physical education in ‘paradise’: Activity levels, lesson context and barriers to quality implementation. European Physical Education Review, 28(1), 225–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X211033696

Abdul Muqsith Ahmad. (2018). Pembangunan model Eni berasaskan aktiviti inkuiri bagi program latihan kemahiran [Tesis Dr. Fal,]. Universiti Malaya.

Aeni, W. N., & Widodo, W. (2022). Penggunaan e-modul interaktif untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa SMP pada materi kalor. Pensa: E-Jurnal Pendidikan Sains, 10(2), 193-202.

Ahla-Wardah, M. A., & Denise Koh, C. L. (2022). Persepsi Literasi Fizikal Dalam Kalangan Guru Pendidikan Jasmani di Sekolah Rendah. Jurnal Dunia Pendidikan, 4(1), 145–159. https://doi.org/10.55057/jdpd.2022.4.1.11

Alijah, U. (2016). Pembangunan Modul Pembelajaran WebQuest Pendidikan Kesihatan untuk Guru Pelatih Murid BermasalahPembelajaran [Tesis Dr. Fal]. Universiti Malaya.

Alonso-Fernández, D., Gutiérrez-Sánchez, Á., Portela-Pino, I., & Taboada-Iglesias, Y. (2022). Evaluation of Applications for Mobile Devices on the Practice of Physical Exercise in Adolescents. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 12(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062784

Ardiyanto, H. (2018). Integrasi teknologi dalam pendidikan jasmani: peluang untuk menjawab krisis identitas dan legitimasi. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Implementasi Riset Dan Literasi Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Abad XXI. Keluarga Mahasiswa Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. https://osf.io/vyrgm/download

Awang, H. M. N. (2024). Penggunaan Aplikasi E-Doa dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Kelas Aliran Agama (KAA) di Tumpat. Jurnal Al-Sirat, 24(2). https://ejournal.unipsas.edu.my/

Azarul Razamin, M. S., Mustafa, C. O., Najmiah, O., & Mohd Allnurulhuda G. (2023). Meningkatkan Pembangunan Profesional dan Kompetensi Guru Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia: Satu Analisis Kritis. Global Journal of Educational Research and Management (GERMANE), 3(1), 63-71. https://jurnal.nun-g.com/index.php/germane/article/view/13

Barber, W., Walters, W., Chartier, P., & Temertzoglou, C. (2022). Examining self-Confidence and self-Perceived competence in Canadian pre-service teachers (PSTs): the role of biographies in physical education teacher education (PETE). Sport, Education and Society, 27(3), 347–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2020.1844649

Brennan, C., Bowles, R., & Murtagh, E. (2021). The best of both worlds? The impact of the initial teacher education physical education specialism programme on generalist teachers’ self-efficacy, beliefs, and practices. Education, 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2021.2001557

Casey, A., Goodyear, V. A., & Armour, K. M. (2017). Rethinking the relationship between pedagogy, technology and learning in health and physical education. Sport, Education and Society, 22(2), 288–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2016.1226792

Cheng, C.-H., & Chen, C.-H. (2018). Developing a Mobile APP-Supported Learning System for Evaluating Health-Related Physical Fitness Achievements of Students. Mobile Information Systems, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8960968

Chiang, T. H.-C., Yang, S. J. H., & Yin, C. (2019). Effect of gender differences on 3-on-3 basketball games taught in a mobile flipped classroom. Interactive Learning Environments, 27(8), 1093–1105. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2018.1495652

Clarita, N., Raibowo, S., Prabowo, A., & Nopiyanto, Y. E. (2021). Peran guru pendidikan jasmani dalam pelaksanaan sekolah siaga bencana pada kawasan pesisir pantai. Altius: Jurnal Ilmu Olahraga Dan Kesehatan, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.36706/altius.v10i2.14718

Clohessy, L., Bowles, R., & Ní Chróinín, D. (2021). Follow the leader? Generalist primary school teachers’ experiences of informal physical education leadership. Education, 49(6), 3-13. 661–673. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2020.1765835

Cochran, W.G. (1977). Sampling Techniques. Wiley.

Cojocaru, A. M., Cojocaru, M., Jianu, A., Bucea-Manea-țoniş, R., Păun, D. G., & Ivan, P. (2022). The Impact of Agile Management and Technology in Teaching and Practicing Physical Education and Sports. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031237

Cushion, C. J., & Townsend, R. C. (2019). Technology-enhanced learning in coaching: a review of literature. Educational Review, 71(5), 631–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2018.1457010

Daud, N. I. A. M., Sutan, R., & Isa, Z. (2025). Analisis Kerangka Intervensi Pakej Pendidikan Kesihatan Mental Belia di Malaysia: Tinjauan Naratif. e-Bangi: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 22(1).  https://journalarticle.ukm.my/25349/

Deng, C., & Legge, M. (2022). A qualitative case study of primary classroom teachers’ perceived value of physical education in New Zealand. Sport, Education and Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2022.2125948

Díaz, I. A., Reche, M. P. C., Torres, J. M. T., & Rodríguez, J. M. R. (2019). Impact of mobile apps on physical activity: A meta-analysis | Impacto de las apps móviles en la actividad física: UN meta-análisis. Retos, 36, 52–57. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v36i36.66628

Ghazali, D., & Sufean, H. (2018). Metodologi Penyelidikan Dalam Penyelidikan: Amalan Dan Analisis Kajian (2nd ed.). Penerbit Universiti Malaya.

Gil-Espinosa, F. J., Merino-Marbán, R., & Mayorga-Vega, D. (2020). Endomondo smartphone app to promote physical activity in high school students | Aplicación móvil Endomondo para promocionar la actividad física en estudiantes de educación secundaria. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 15(46), 465–473. https://doi.org/10.12800/CCD.V15I46.1597

Goncharenko, T., Yermakova-Cherchenko, N., & Anedchenko, Y. (2020). Experience in the use of mobile technologies as a physics learning method. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2732, 1298–1313.

Goodyear, V. A., Kerner, C., & Quennerstedt, M. (2019). Young people’s uses of wearable healthy lifestyle technologies; surveillance, self-surveillance and resistance. Sport, Education and Society, 24(3), 212–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2017.1375907

Hafizati Husna, I., & Suziyani Mohamed. (2021). Kompetensi Guru-guru Bukan Opsyen dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Pendidikan Prasekolah (Competence of Non-Optional Teachers in the Teaching and Learning of Preschool Education). Jurnal Dunia Pendidikan, 3(2), 377–385. http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/jdpd

Hashim, J. M., Ambon, S. A. E. S., Embi, M. Z., & Noor, M. F. M. (2019). Penilaian Terhadap Penguasaan Konten Subjek Pendidikan Jasmani Berasaskan Model Proses Kurikulum Wheeler (1967) Dalam Kalangan Guru Pelatih (Elektif Pendidikan Jasmani). Attarbawiy: Malaysian Online Journal of Education, 3(1), 1-8.

Hornbæk, K., & Hertzum, M. (2017). Technology acceptance and user experience: A review of the experiential component in HCI. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 24(5). https://doi.org/10.1145/3127358

Ingersoll, R. M. (2019). Measuring out-of-field teaching. In Examining the Phenomenon of “Teaching Out-of-field” International Perspectives on Teaching as a Non-specialist (pp. 21-51). Singapore: Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3366-8

Jastrow, F., Greve, S., Thumel, M., Diekhoff, H., & Süßenbach, J. (2022). Digital technology in physical education: a systematic review of research from 2009 to 2020. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 52(4), 504-528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-022-00848-5

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2023). Statistik Guru Pendidikan Jasmani dan Pendidikan Kesihatan Sekolah Menengah Seluruh Negara. Bahagian Perancangan dan Pembangunan Dasar.

Kihara, S., Jess, M., McMillan, P., Osedo, K., Kubo, K., & Nakanishi, H. (2021). The potential of Lesson Study in primary physical education: Messages from a longitudinal study in Japan. European Physical Education Review, 27(2), 223–239. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X20932950

Kim, Y., Lee, H., Lee, M. K., Lee, H., & Jang, H. (2020). Development of a living lab for a mobile-based health program for korean-chinese working women in South Korea: Mixed methods study. JMIR MHealth and UHealth, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.2196/15359

Krause, J. M., Franks, H., & Lynch, B. (2017). Current Technology Trends and Issues Among Health and Physical Education Professionals. The Physical Educator, 74(1). https://doi.org/10.18666/tpe-2017-v74-i1-6648

Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W., (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities.Educational and Psychological Measurement. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308

Kun, C. T. (2014). Penambahbaikan Sistem Pengurusan Kokum Sekolah (SPKS) Berdasarkan Instrumen Pengujian Kebolehgunaan Terpilih [Disertasi Ijazah Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan]. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Lamsah, S., & Chear, S. (2017). Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Melalui Aplikasi Whatsapp dan Telegram di Universiti Swasta. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 42(2), 87-97. https://journalarticle.ukm.my/11279/1/22292-64128-1-SM.pdf

Ma, G., Zhang, L., & Li, S. (2020). ID3-based classification of college students’ physical fitness data. In Recent Trends in Intelligent Computing, Communication and Devices: Proceedings of ICCD 2018 (pp. 245-252). Singapore: Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9406-5_30

Marron, S., & Coulter, M. (2018). Experiences of using iPads in physical education teacher education. In Digital Technology in Physical Education: Global Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203704011-14

Marron, S., & Coulter, M. (2021). Initial teacher educators’ integrating iPads into their physical education teaching. Irish Educational Studies, 40(4), 611–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2021.1971103

Mateo-Orcajada, A., Abenza-Cano, L., Albaladejo-Saura, M. D., & Vaquero-Cristóbal, R. (2023). Mandatory after-school use of step tracker apps improves physical activity, body composition and fitness of adolescents. Education and Information Technologies, 28(8), 10235-10266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11584-0

Mohamad Siri, M. (2018). Pembangunan Dan Penilaian Aplikasi Pembelajaran Mudah Alih (MOBIEKO) Bagi Keperluan Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran Mikroekonomi Di Politeknik Malaysia [Tesis Dr. Fal]. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Mohamed Faizul, M. S., Syed Kamaruzzaman, S. A., Shahrir, J., & Mohd Faiz, M. B. (2021). Tahap Amalan Penaakulan Pedagogi Guru Pendidikan Jasmani Sekolah Menengah dari Aspek Kefahaman dan Transformasi: Satu Kajian di Daerah Klang, Selangor. Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 9(1), 11-19. https://adum.um.edu.my/index.php/JUKU/article/view/28817

Mohd Ridhuan, M. J. (2016). Pembangunan Model Kurikulum Latihan SkiVes bagi Program Pengajian Kejuruteraan Pembelajaran Berasaskan Kerja. [Tesis Dr. Fal]. Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Malaya.

Mohd Ridhuan, M. J., & Nurul Rabihah, M. N. (2020). Kepelbagaian Metodologi dalam Penyelidikan Reka Bentuk dan Pembangunan (2nd ed.). Qaisar Prestige Resources.

Morgan, K., Bryant, A. S., Edwards, L. C., & Mitchell-Williams, E. (2019). Transferring primary generalists’ positive classroom pedagogy to the physical education setting: a collaborative PE-CPD process. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 24(1), 43–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2018.1533543

Muhammad Nidzam, Y. (2017). Pembangunan Model Kurikulum M-Pembelajaran Kursus Teknologi dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di Institut Pendidikan Guru. [Tesis Dr. Fal]. Universiti Utara Malaysia. https://etd.uum.edu.my/6945/1/s95922_01.pdf

Mustafa, P. S. (2020). Kurikulum pendidikan jasmani, olahraga, dan kesehatan di Indonesia abad 21. Jurnal Pendidikan: Riset dan Konseptual, 4(3), 437-452. https://doi.org/10.28926/riset_konseptual.v4i3.248

Nasir, A., Zaini, S. H., & Jamaluddin, A. (2024). Kepentingan Sokongan Mempengaruhi Implimentasi Integrasi Teknologi Digital Di Sekolah: Tinjauan Sistematik Literatur. Jurnal Pembangunan Sosial, 27, 131–160. https://doi.org/10.32890/jps2024.27.7

Ng, K., Klavina, A., Ferreira, J. P., Barrett, U., Pozeriene, J., & Reina, R. (2021). Teachers’ preparedness to deliver remote adapted physical education from different European perspectives: Updates to the European Standards in Adapted Physical Activity. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 36(1), 98–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2021.1872848

Nielsen-Rodríguez, A., Romance, R., & Dobado-Castañeda, J. C. (2021). Teaching methodologies and school organization in early childhood education and its association with physical activity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073836

Norzi, B. M. Y. (2022). Pembangunan Aplikasi Mudah Alih My Qari Juniors Dalam Pengajaran Al-Quran Bagi Guru Pendidikan Islam Prasekolah [Tesis Sarjana]. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Nuarilenzy, A., Janwar, M., & Rusli, K. (2022). Survei Sarana Dan Prasarana Pendidikan Jasmani Olahraga Di SMA Negeri 12 Makassar. Indonesian Journal of Physical Activity, 2(1), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.59734/ijpa.v2i1.25

Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw Hill.

Papadakis, S., & Orfanakis, V. (2014). A New Programming Environment for Teaching Programming: A First Acquaintance with Enchanting.  In The 2nd international virtual Scientific Conference-Scieconf 2014, EDIS (pp. 268-273). University of Zilina.

Papastergiou, M., Natsis, P., Vernadakis, N., & Antoniou, P. (2021). Introducing tablets and a mobile fitness application into primary school physical education. Education and Information Technologies, 26(1), 799–816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10289-y

Patania, V. M., Padulo, J., Iuliano, E., Ardigò, L. P., Čular, D., Miletić, A., & De Giorgio, A. (2020). The Psychophysiological Effects of Different Tempo Music on Endurance Versus High-Intensity Performances. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 74. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00074

Razali, N. H., & Khalid, F. B. (2021). Penggunaan Aplikasi Pembelajaran Mudah Alih dalam Pembelajaran Matematik bagi Pelajar Sekolah Menengah. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(6), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v6i6.812

Rozaireen, M., Julismah, J., & Sanmuga, N. (2017). Proses reka bentuk modul pengajaran dan pembelajaran permainan bola baling berasaskan Teaching Games for Understanding: The Process of Designing Handball Teaching and Learning Module Based on Teaching Games for Understanding. Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani, 6(1), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.37134/jsspj.vol6.1.2.2017

Saedah, S., Norlidah, A., Dorothy, D., & Zaharah, H. (2013). Design And Developmental Research: Emergent Trends in Educational Research. Pearson Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.

Sargent, J., & Casey, A. (2020). Flipped learning, pedagogy and digital technology: Establishing consistent practice to optimise lesson time. European Physical Education Review, 26(1), 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X19826603

Saucedo-Araujo, R. G., Huertas-Delgado, F. J., Barranco-Ruiz, Y. M., Pérez-López, I. J., Aznar-Laín, S., Chillón, P., & Herrador-Colmenero, M. (2022). Testing the Mystic School Mobile Application to Promote Active Commuting to School in Spanish Adolescents: The PACO Study. Children, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121997

Semsem, K., & Martin, J. T. (2022). Development of a Mobile Application for Physical Fitness Testing. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 10(6), 1126–1133. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2022.100603

Shutova, T. N., Andryushchenko, L. B., Orlan, I. V., & Ryzhkin, N. V. (2021). Digital approach to academic physical education and sports educational process. Teoriya i Praktika Fizicheskoy Kultury, 3, 12–14. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tsifrovoy-podhod-v-organizatsii-fizicheskoy-kultury-i-sporta-v-vuze

Sri Nuraini, Taufik Rihatno, Resha Putri Fadhilla, Arita Marini, Julius Sagita, Desy Safitri, & Leola Dewiyani. (2024). Multimedia Mobile Application to Improve the Academic Achievement of Fifth Grade Elementary School Students in Physical Education Classes. Journal of Education Research and Evaluation, 8(1), 95–99. https://doi.org/10.23887/jere.v8i1.69862

Stara, V., Harte, R., De Rosa, M., Glynn, L., Casey, M., Hayes, P., Rossi, L., Mirelman, A., Baker, P. M. A., Quinlan, L. R., & ÓLaighin, G. (2018). Does culture affect usability? A trans-European usability and user experience assessment of a falls-risk connected health system following a user-centred design methodology carried out in a single European country. Maturitas, 114, 22-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.05.002

Sukor, B., Marinah, A., & Ramlee, I. (2020). Pembangunan Model Kompetensi Pemimpin Pertengahan: Satu Kajian Reka Bentuk dan Pembangunan. Journal of Educational Research and Indigeneous Studies, 2(1). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345661293

Suet Fin, L., Sankaran, S., Wan Jia, S., & Mohd Yusoff, H. (2023). Cabaran Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran Dalam Talian Semasa Covid-19: Perspektif Guru Sekolah. Jurnal Penyelidikan TEMPAWAN. https://doi.org/10.61374/temp01.23

Sultoni, K., Peralta, L., & Cotton, W. (2023). Technology-Supported Physical Activity Course for Increasing Physical Activity Levels of University Students: System Development and Pilot Implementation. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 11(1), 44–57. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2023.110106

Syar Meeze, M. R. (2021). Pembangunan dan Penilaian Aplikasi Modul Pembelajaran Bahasa Isyarat (M-Isharah) untuk Pelajar Sarjana Muda Pendidikan Khas [Tesis Dr. Fal]. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Syed Ismail, S. M., Ismail, R., & Bushro, A. (2021). Asas Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan. Sasbadi.

Syed Yahya, S. M. N., Jamaludin, K. A., & Mazalan, N. S. (2024). Challenges Faced by Non-optional Teachers in Physical Education: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v13-i1/21211

Truelove, S., Johnson, A. M., Burke, S. M., & Tucker, P. (2021). Comparing canadian generalist and specialist elementary school teachers’ self-efficacy and barriers related to physical education instruction. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 40(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1123/JTPE.2019-0091

Uljas, L., Valtonen, J., Autio, O., & Ruismäki, H. (2022). Supporting physical literacy: a case study of preservice classroom teachers’ perceptions. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 22(9), 2069–2075. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2022.09264

Vega-Ramírez, L., Notario, R. O., & Ávalos-Ramos, M. A. (2020). The relevance of mobile applications in the learning of physical education. Education Sciences, 10(11), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10110329

Wee, E. H. (2019). Implementation of Physical Education Programme in Malaysian Primary Schools. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 27. http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/code_of_ethics.php

Williams, J., Davies, M. J., SueSee, B., & Hunt, D. (2022). Teachers’ experiences of teaching the Australian Health and Physical Education Health Benefits of Physical Activity curriculum and the need for greater reality congruence. Curriculum Perspectives, 42(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41297-021-00154-4

Wright, C., Buxcey, J., Gibbons, S., Cairney, J., Barrette, M., & Naylor, P. J. (2020). A pragmatic feasibility trial examining the effect of job embedded professional development on teachers’ capacity to provide physical literacy enriched physical education in elementary schools. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124386

Yager, Z., Gray, T., Curry, C., & McLean, S. A. (2020). Pre-service teachers’ gendered attitudes towards role modelling in health and physical education. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 25(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2019.1688774

Yang, Q. F., Hwang, G. J., & Sung, H. Y. (2020). Trends and research issues of mobile learning studies in physical education: a review of academic journal publications. Interactive Learning Environments, 28(4), 419-437. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2018.1533478

Yon, K., & Saraç, L. (2022). Classroom Teachers’ Practices of Physical Activity in 4th Grade Physical Education and Game Course. Egitim ve Bilim, 47(211), 47–67. https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2022.11438

Yu, G., & Fei, Q. (2022). Research on Sports Teaching App Based on Internet Statistical Data Analysis. In International Conference on Signal and Information Processing, Networking and Computers (pp. 813-821). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4775-9_104

Yu, H., & Ha, T. (2021). The “APPropriate” Use of Technology for Assessment in Physical Education. In Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 92(5), 58-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2021.1899540

Yusoff, A. F. M., Hamat, W. N. W., & Basir, N. K. (2019). Penggunaan aplikasi web 2.0 dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran kursus mata pelajaran umum (MPU) di politeknik. e-Bangi: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 16(5), 1-13. https://journalarticle.ukm.my/19910/1/34031-106162-1-SM.pdf

Zhang, M., Wang, W., Li, M., Sheng, H., & Zhai, Y. (2022). Efficacy of Mobile Health Applications to Improve Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for Physically Inactive Individuals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084905

Zheng, H.-W., Chen, S.-T., & Fan, G.-G. (2019). Study on the Evaluation of Students’ Learning Motivation Indicators from Using Facebook Communities—Talking the Culture Thinking and Creation of Digital Photography as an Example. Int. J. Digit. Media Des., 11, 1–16.

Zulfikar, M. (2023). Efektivitas Pengajaran Guru Pendidikan Jasmani Sekolah Dasar. Cokroaminoto Journal of Primary Education, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.30605/cjpe.612023.2515