Kawasan penempatan semula mangsa tsunami di Malaysia:Analisis kualiti kejiranan dan kesejahteraan isi rumah (Resettlement areas of tsunami victims in Malaysia: An analysis of neighbourhood quality and well - being)

Abstract

Bencana Tsunami yang melanda Indonesia pada Disember 2004 telah meninggalkan impak yang dahsyat terhadap beberapa kawasan petempatan pinggir pantai di Malaysia seperti Kuala Muda dan Langkawi di Kedah serta Batu Peringgi di Pulau Pinang. Ramai isi rumah yang kehilangan nyawa ahli keluarga dan rumah kediaman. Usaha membina dan membangunkan semula rumah kediaman di ketiga-tiga kawasan bencana tersebut telah dilaksanakan oleh Syarikat Perumahan Negara Berhad yang sebahagiannya dibiayai melalui dana derma orang awam. Program pembinaan semula rumah kediaman dan penempatan semula mangsa ke kawasan yang baru ternyata telah menyelesaikan masalah tempat kediaman mangsa. Bagaimana pun isu berkaitan kesejahteraan sosial isi rumah tersebut kebelakangan ini telah menarik perhatian ramai pengkaji sains sosial. Makalah ini bertujuan menganalisis tahap kesejahteraan mangsa tsunami dari segi kualiti rumah kediaman dan tahap kebajikan mereka. Data kajian ini diperolehi melalui suatu survei ke atas 233 resonden yang tinggal di tiga kawasan yang pernah dilanda tsunami yang terlibat dengan program berkenaan. Analisis mendapati bahawa pada umumnya rumah kediaman mereka diami kini adalah lebih baik. Tahap keselamatan kawasan di sekitar kejiranan juga tinggi. Umumnya mangsa berpuas hati dengan tempat kediaman baru yang mereka diami selepas tsunami. Bagaimana pun, rata-rata penghuni berpandangan bahawa ketersampaian mereka kepada perkhidmatan asas masih lagi rendah berbanding sebelumnya. Pada dasarnya, kekurangan ini menyukarkan kehidupan dan merendahkan tahap kesejahteraan mereka. Kesimpulanya, program pembaikan rumah dan penempatan semula mangsa tsunami sepatutnya bertujuan bukan hanya untuk memberi kemudahan rumah kediaman sahaja tetapi juga perlu digandingkan dengan usaha meningkatkan taraf sosioekonomi dan kesejahteraan sosial mereka.

Katakunci: kejiranan, kesejahteraan sosial, ketersampaian kepada kemudahan asas, kualiti kawasan kediaman, program penempatan semula, tsunami

The tsunami disaster that struck Indonesia in December 2004 has left a devastating impact on some coastal settlements in Malaysia such as Kuala Muda and Langkawi in Kedah and Batu Peringgi in Penang. Many households have lost family members and homes. Efforts to rebuild their houses or resettle them in the new settlements was carried out by a government company, the Syarikat Perumahan Negara Berhad, partly using money donated by the public. The reconstruction and resettlement programmes had undoubtedly solved the problem of shelter among the tsunami victims. However, issues concerning their social welfare have recently emerged and gained a wide attention among social scientists. This paper analyses the quality of well-being of the tsunami victims with regard to their housing conditions and social welfare. Data for this study were obtained from a field survey conducted on 233 respondents involved with the program mes. The analysis found that generally, the quality of the newly constructed or repaired dwelling units the tsunami victims lived in were very much better than before the tsunami onslaught. So was the level of neighbourhood security. However, most occupants were of the view that at present, their accessibility to basic services was significantly lower than before and this reduced their social well-being. The paper concludes that the resettlement of the tsunami victims and the reconstruction of their houses should be aimed at not only providing a physically improved place of living but also the uplifting of their social and economic well-being as well.

Keywords: accessibility to basic services, neighbourhood, quality of residential areas, resettlement programmes, social well-being, tsunami