Merapi pasca letusan 2010: Polisi penempatan semula penduduk (Mount Merapi post-2010 eruptions: The challenge of resettlement policies)
Abstract
Gunung Merapi merupakan gunung api yang paling aktif di Indonesia, meletus dua kali pada tahun 2010, iaitu pada 26 Oktober dan 4 November, dengan ciri-ciri letusan yang belum pernah berlaku sebelumnya. Akibat dua letusan tersebut, sembilan kampung hilang atau separuh rosak berat, dan korban jiwa mencapai 386 orang. Selain mengubah kaldera, kubah dan lanskap geografi, letusan Merapi tahun 2010 juga mengubah landskap sosial dan petempatanpetempatan di kawasan sekitarnya. Kerosakan dan perubahan yang disebabkan oleh letusan Merapi memunculkan perdebatan tentang dasar tata ruang petempatan yang baru dan model polisi mitigasi bencana gunung api. Salah satu polisi yang memberikan kesan kekal atas landskap sosial Merapi adalah polisi penempatan semula penduduk atas sembilan kampung yang hilang atau terdampak letusan. Oleh itu, dalam membuat polisi ini, kerajaan harus mempertimbangkan aspirasi penduduk yang terjejas, seperti yang diamanatkan dalam masyarakat yang demokratik. Polisi ini mengambil proses yang panjang untuk sepenuhnya dilaksanakan.
Katakunci: kawasan rawan bencana, lanskap geografi, lanskap sosial, letusan Merapi, polisi penempatan semula, tata ruang
The effectiveness of disaster mitigation and management has a lot to do with policies of the assigned authorities. Elaborate policies may be well-meaning but if they are too time consuming the results may be less than expected. This paper takes a look at the impact of disaster management policies of the Indonesian authorities with respect to the aftermath of the Mount Merapi’s 2010 eruptions. The most active volcano in Indonesia, Mount Merapi, had erupted on October 26 and November 4 of 2010 burying several villages and killing 386 people. The extent of the physical damages and the social costs of the eruptions had stirred a policy debate as to how best to manage and mitigate the disaster. A new relocation model was conceived whereby the government undertook the task of resettling residents affected by the disaster and prohibiting future settlement of the disaster area. Although the new policies had all the making of permanently alleviating the social and economic impacts of the disaster, its reliance on voluntary participation of the people affected means that it will take a long time for the well-meaning policies to be fully implemented and produce the desired results.
Keywords: disaster prone area, physical damage, relocation policy, social impact, spatial planning, volvanic
eruption
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