Anomali thermal, indeks bahangan dan pulau haba bandar semasa musim haji di Arab Saudi (Thermal anomaly, heat index and urban heat island during the Hajj season in Saudi Arabia)
Abstract
Keterdedahan wilayah tandus Arab Saudi kepada anomali thermal berupaya mencetuskan fenomena stress haba (heat stress) dan juga strok haba (heat stroke) kepada manusia. Terdapat peningkatan kes yang berkaitan dengan jumlah kematian yang mendadak akibat kepanasan melampau di Arab Saudi. Secara umumnya, kajian ini cuba meneliti perubahan dalam anomali thermal dan fenomena pulau haba di tiga bandar utama Makkah, Madinah dan Jeddah, khususnya pada musim haji. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan saintifik dan analisis kuantitatif dengan mengaplikasikan maklumat sekunder klimatologi dan data penderiaan jauh MODIS. Hasil kajian mendapati menunjukkan hampir 48.3% amalan manasik haji telah dilakukan semasa musim panas, indeks bahangannya telah dikategorikan sebagai Bahaya Ekstrim. Maklumat berkenaan telah menunjukkan potensi keujudan strok haba adalah lebih tinggi berlaku pada musim haji di antara bulan-bulan April hingga September. Hasil penelitian analisis meteorologi tempatan ketiga-tiga bandar juga telah membuktikan bandar Madinah merupakan sebuah bandar yang kurang mengalami keadaan suhu ekstrim di antara 1982 2012, berbanding dengan bandar-bandar yang lain. Hasil kajian juga mendapati bandar Jeddah dan Makkah merupakan dua bandar utama yang termasuk didalam jaluran zon tidak selesa (gelombang haba ekstrim). Walaupun intensiti pulau haba berkenaan tidaklah begitu besar, namun sekiranya maklumat berkenaan tidak diintegrasikan ke dalam pelan pembangunan bandar dan wilayah, berkemungkinan keselesaan manusia terhadap sekitaran akan terjejas akibat peningkatan haba di bandar.
Katakunci: anomali thermal, haji, indeks bahangan, pulau haba bandar, stress haba, strok haba
The exposure of thermal anomaly within Saudi Arabia region has invariably triggers a unique climate phenomenon called heat stress and heat stroke among its inhabitants. There are an increasing number of cases associated with sudden death due to extreme heat in Saudi Arabia. In general, this study attempts to examine the changes in the thermal anomaly and the heat island phenomenon in three major cities of Mecca, Medina and Jeddah, particularly during the Hajj period by means of quantitative analyses of secondary information on climatology and MODIS remote sensing data. The study found that almost 48.3% of pilgrimage took place in summer, during which the heat index was categorized as of Extreme Danger. There was a potential existence of heat stroke within the Hajj season between the months of April to September. Local meteorological analysis had also established that Medina had experienced less extreme temperature conditions between 1982-2012 if compared to other cities. The study also found that the city of Jeddah and the city of Mecca were amongst the two main cities classified in the extreme heat wave category. Despite the minimal heat island intensity observed, the information is nevertheless essential to be integrated into any urban and regional development plans that seek to reduce the heat hazard of Saudi Arabia’s urban dwellers.
Katakunci: Hajj season, heat index, heat stress, heat wave, thermal anomaly, urban heat island
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