Politik etnik di Kuala Lumpur: Kajian tanggapan pengundi dalam kalangan penghuni Program Perumahan Rakyat (PPR) pasca Pilihan Raya Umum 2013 (Ethnic politics in Kuala Lumpur: A post – 2013 GE perception study of voters residing in People’s Housing Schemes)

Abstract

Etnik/kaum merupakan faktor penting dalam mempengaruhi proses dan trend sosialisasi politik di Malaysia. Dengan keadaan demografi dan struktur ekonomi rakyat Malaysia yang berbilang kaum maka tertubuhlah beberapa parti politik yang berasaskan etnik. Pola pengundian dalam Pilihan Raya Umum (PRU) 2013 adalah kesinambungan daripada PRU 2008 yang memperlihatkan kecenderungan sokongan pengundi Melayu kepada BN manakala pengundi Cina dan sebahagian pengundi India lebih memihak kepada pakatan pembangkang atau dikenali sebagai Pakatan Rakyat yang dianggotai PKR, DAP dan PAS. Artikel ini menganalisis persepsi politik pengundi berdasarkan etnik Melayu, Cina dan India di Kuala Lumpur pasca PRU 2013 mengenai Program Perumahan Rakyat (PPR), berdasarkan data soal selidik 1069 responden di 15 skim PPR dalam Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, ujian statistik taburan silang (crosstabulation), dan kajian kepustakaan . Hasil kajian mendapati ketiga-tiga etnik menyatakan mereka memilih calon yang jujur dan amanah serta mesra rakyat serta menyokong parti yang dapat memacu pembangunan dan membasmi kemiskinan. Mereka turut menyatakan rakyat menyokong BN kerana berpengalaman, janji ditepati serta mengenang jasa pemimpin BN terdahulu manakala rakyat mengundi parti-parti dalam Pakatan Rakyat kerana mahu mencuba pemerintahan yang baru, adil dan janji yang ditawarkan adalah menarik dan menguntungkan rakyat. Responden terutamanya etnik Cina lebih kritis terhadap isu-isu nasional seperti isu ekonomi, sosial dan politik. Seterusnya majoriti responden Melayu dan India yang berpendapatan rendah menyokong BN berbanding responden Cina yang lebih menyokong parti-parti dalam Pakatan Rakyat dalam PRU 2013 yang lalu.

Katakunci: etnik, pengetnikan, pembangunan, pengundi berpendapatan rendah, pilihan raya, sosialisasi politik

Ethnicity is an important factor influencing the political process and socialization trend in Malaysia. With Malaysian multiethnic demographic and economic structures so established party politics and voting patterns have become virtually ethnicised . Voting patterns in the 2013General Election (GE) was a continuation of that of the 2008 GE whereby Malay voters supported the BN while Chinese and some Indian voters favored the opposition Pakatan Rakyat comprising the PKR, DAP and PAS. This paper analyzes the post -2013 GE political perception of Malay, Chinese and Indians voters who were residents of People Housing Schemes (PPR) in Kuala Lumpur . It is based on primary data gathered from 1069 respondents of 15 PPR schemes located in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, statistical tests of the data and literature review. Findings revealed that all three ethnics cast their votes for candidates who were deemed honest, trustworthy and affectionate, and that they supported a political party which they perceived could spur development and eradicate poverty. BN voters voted BN because the party was perceived to have vast experience, trustworthy and because of the long service of past BN leaders. Those who voted for the Pakatan Rakyat parties did so because the parties were perceived as capable of offering fresh, attractive and just governance. Predominantly Chinese respondents were more critical of national economic, social and political issues. Majority of low-income Malay and Indian respondents supported the BN in contrast to Chinese respondents who ardently supported the Pakatan Rakyat parties in the GE 2013.

Keywords: ethnicity, ethnicisation, development, general election, low income voters, political socialization