Undang-Undang kemanusiaan antarabangsa dan perang terhadap keganasan: Suatu tinjauan kritikal (International Humanitarian Law and the war on terror: A critical review)
Abstract
Abstrak
Terdapat persoalan sejauh mana ‘Perang terhadap Keganasan’ boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai konflik bersenjata. Justeru itu, berdasarkan kajian kepustakaan artikel ini membincangkan berkenaan Undang-Undang Kemanusiaan Antarabangsa dan statut kuasanya terhadap kumpulan bersenjata transnasional berdasarkan Konsep Penentuan Sendiri (Self-Determination). Hasilnya, orang awam yang ditahan atas sebab-sebab keselamatan mesti diberi perlindungan yang diperuntukkan dalam Konvensyen Geneva Keempat dan Orang Awam tersebut yang tidak memenuhi kriteria yang diperlukan menjadikan mereka mendapat hak sepertimana Tahanan Perang. Hal ini penting dalam memahami perbezaan antara Undang-Undang Domestik, Undang-Undang Antarabangsa dan Undang-Undang Kemanusiaan Antarabangsa. Di bawah Konvensyen Geneva, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) ICRC mesti diberi akses kepada orang-orang yang ditahan dalam konflik bersenjata antarabangsa, sama ada mereka adalah tawanan perang atau orang-orang yang dilindungi oleh Konvensyen Geneva Keempat. ICRC telah berulang kali dipanggil untuk menentukan status undang-undang yang tepat setiap individu yang diadakan di Teluk Guantanamo dan rangka kerja undang-undang yang terpakai kepada semua orang yang telah diadakan dalam usaha memerangi keganasan di luar situasi konflik bersenjata, ICRC mempunyai hak inisiatif kemanusiaan di bawah Statut Antarabangsa Palang Merah dan Bulan Sabit Merah. Oleh itu, orang ramai yang kerap dikunjungi oleh ICRC telah ditahan atas sebab-sebab keselamatan dalam masa aman. Beberapa konvensyen antarabangsa mengenai keganasan yang sedia ada termasuk peruntukan-peruntukan tertentu yang menyatakan bahawa negeri-negeri boleh membenarkan akses ICRC kepada orang-orang yang ditahan kerana disyaki aktiviti pengganas. Peruntukan-peruntukan ini, serta orang-orang yang dimasukkan ke dalam perjanjian Undang-Undang Kemanusiaan Antarabangsa dan dalam Statut Antarabangsa Palang Merah dan Bulan Sabit Merah Gerakan adalah pengiktirafan terhadap peranan unik yang dimainkan oleh ICRC, berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip berkecuali dan kesaksamaan.
Kata kunci: Al-Qaeda, Konvensyen Geneva, pengganas, perang terhadap keganasan, Undang-Undang Kemanusiaan Antarabangsa, 11 September 2001
Abstract
There is a question how far the 'War on Terrorism' can be classified as armed conflict. Based on literature review this article discusses the International Humanitarian Law and its statutory statutes on transnational armed groups based on the concept of Self-Determination. As a result, the public who are detained for security reasons must be given the protection provided in the Fourth Geneva Convention and the Public whom do not meet the necessary criteria to entitle them to be treated as Prisonner of War. This is important in understanding the differences between Domestic Law, International Law And International Humanitarian Law. Under the Geneva Conventions, the ICRC must be granted access to persons detained in international armed conflict, whether they are prisoners of war or persons protected by the Fourth Geneva Convention. ICRC has been repeatedly called upon to determine the right legal status every individual held in Guantanamo Bay and the legal framework applicable to everyone who has been held in the fight against terrorism. Outside the situation of armed conflict, the ICRC has the right of humanitarian initiative under the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Statute. Therefore, people frequently visited by the ICRC have been arrested for safety reasons in a safe manner. Several international conventions on existing violence include certain provisions which provide that states may allow ICRC access to persons detained for suspected terrorist activities. These provisions, as well as persons entered into International Humantarian Law agreements and in the International Statue of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a recognition of the unique role played by the ICRC, based on the principles of neutrality and equality.
Keywords: Al-Qaeda, Geneva convention, terrorist, war on terror, International Humantarian Law, 11 September 2001
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