Aplikasi enam dimensi kelompok minoriti berdasarkan pendekatan Kinloch: Perubahan sosio-politik minoriti Rohingya (Application of six dimensions of minority group based on Kinloch approach: The socio-political change of Rohingya minority)

Abstract

Kehidupan golongan pelarian di negara penerima telah menyebabkan mereka berhadapan dengan pelbagai reaksi daripada masyarakat majoriti. Kajian ini memfokuskan pada minoriti Rohingya yang menetap di Malaysia. Operasi penghapusan etnik di Myanmar telah menyebabkan pengusiran berlaku dalam kalangan Rohingya dan mengakibatkan mereka digelar dengan pelbagai identiti seperti pelarian, pemohon suaka, golongan tanpa negara, orang hanyut serta etnik minoriti. Penindasan tehadap Rohingya di Myanmar telah menyebabkan kemunculan etnik ini di Malaysia menerusi migrasi secara besar-besaran bermula pada tahun 1978. Minoriti Rohingya secara umumnya dikategorikan sebagai golongan pelarian di Malaysia. Oleh itu, mereka berhadapan dengan undang-undang yang telah digariskan oleh kerajaan terhadap golongan pelarian. Sehingga hari ini, UNHCR (2020) mencatatkan anggaran 101,010 pelarian Rohingya yang telah mendaftar di Malaysia. Kajian ini akan merungkaikan hubungan antara masyarakat tempatan dan minoriti Rohingya di Selayang, Selangor dengan mengaplikasikan enam dimensi kelompok minoriti berdasarkan pendekatan Kinloch (1979). Kaedah kualitatif telah digunakan iaitu dengan menemu bual empat orang lelaki dan dua orang wanita etnik Rohingya di Selayang serta rujukan data sekunder daripada kajian perpustakaan seperti buku, jurnal, tesis, keratan akhbar dan data atas talian. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa berlakunya sekatan dalam mendapatkan faedah dalam institusi terpenting seperti pekerjaan, pendidikan, serta kesihatan. Namun, kewujudan gerakan-gerakan sosial yang membantu golongan pelarian khususnya Rohingya dalam pelbagai aspek telah memberi ruang untuk minoriti ini meneruskan kelangsungan kehidupan di negara penerima. Interaksi yang baik antara kelompok majoriti dan minoriti Rohingya juga membantu mereka dalam beradaptasi dengan kehidupan di Malaysia.

Kata kunci: gerakan sosial, kelompok minoriti, migrasi, pelarian, perubahan sosio-politik, Rohingya

The survival of the refugees in the host society caused them to face the reactions and acceptance of the majority ethnics. This study focuses on the Rohingya minority group residing in Malaysia. The ethnic cleansing operation in Myanmar has resulted in the expulsion of the Rohingya and resulting in various identities such as refugees, asylum seekers, stateless people, boat people and ethnic minorities. The suppression of the Rohingya in Myanmar has led to a massive migration starting from 1978 in Malaysia. The Rohingya minority group is generally categorised as refugees in Malaysia. Therefore, they need to adhere to the laws that has been outlined by the governments for the refugees. UNHCR (2020) recorded an estimate of 101,010 of Rohingya refugees who had registered in Malaysia. This study will discover the relationship between the local community and Rohingya minority group in Selayang, Selangor by applying six dimensions of minority group based on Kinloch (1979) approach. The qualitative method was used through in-depth interview session with four Rohingya men and two Rohingya women in Selayang. The secondary sources from previous studies was referred such as books, journals, theses, newspaper articles and online data. The results showed that there was a restriction in the most important institutions such as employment, education, and health. However, the existence of social movements that help the refugees in various aspects have provided an opportunity for the Rohingya minority group to continue their survival in the host society. Good interaction between the majority group and Rohingya minority group can also support them in an adaptation of life in Malaysia.

Keywords: social movement, minority group, migration, refugee, socio-political changes, Rohingya