Kesan persempadanan kawasan berdasarkan kajian linguistik bandingan (The effects of area demarcation based on comparative linguistic studies)

Abstract

Pengaruh faktor sejarah dan persempadanan negara menjadikan kawasan di Hulu Perak Utara (HPU) didiami oleh masyarakat Melayu Patani yang menuturkan dialek Patani. Berdasarkan dapatan kajian lepas, kesan persempadanan, geografi dan sejarah di HPU telah menimbulkan pelbagai varian dialek Patani di Perak. Oleh itu, kajian ini meneliti bentuk fonem purba dialek HPU dengan memanfaatkan kerangka disiplin ilmu linguistik perbandingan sejarawi. Tujuannya adalah supaya dapat memberi gambaran sebenar tentang dialek HPU. Kawasan kajian yang difokuskan adalah di sembilan buah kampung sekitar Gerik dan Pengkalan Hulu Perak, yang mewakili sembilan varian HPU. Penelitian ini menerapkan kaedah kajian lapangan yang melibatkan teknik temu bual informan dan rakaman. Teknik temu bual ini didasari dengan 522 daftar kata, dan diajukan kepada informan. Kaedah rekonstruksi dalaman digunakan untuk menerangkan hipotesis bentuk purba yang dituturkan oleh masyarakat di HPU. Kesimpulannya, hasil rekonstruksi telah menunjukkan bahawa dialek Hulu Perak Utara Purba (DHPUP) ini memiliki 4 buah vokal dan 18 buah konsonan purba, yakni DHPUP memperlihatkan pengekalan secara langsung daripada vokal Melayik Purba (MP) dan pengurangan satu konsonan daripada (MP). Seterusnya hasil rekonstruksi ini juga memperlihatkan DHPUP diturunkan secara langsung ke dalam kesemua sembilan varian HPU. Kesannya persempadanan negeri yang wujud di Malaysia kini tidak dapat digunakan sebagai landasan penelitian sejarah dialek Melayu, tetapi mempunyai hubung kait dengan faktor-faktor sosial purba.

Kata Kunci: dialek Hulu Perak Utara Purba; Hulu Perak; linguistik sejarah; Patani; rekonstruksi fonem.

Historical influence and national demarcation factors have led the people in the Northern Hulu Perak (NHP) to communicate in the Patani dialect. Based on the findings of previous studies, the effects of demarcation, geography, and history in NHP had increased many variants of the Patani dialect in Perak. Therefore, this study had examined the ancient phoneme forms of the NHP dialect by utilizing the disciplinary framework of comparative linguistics to provide a better understanding of it. The study area focused on nine villages around Gerik and Pengkalan Hulu, Perak which represent nine variants of NHP. This study had applied a field study method involving informant interview and recording techniques. The interview technique was based on 522 words lists that were presented to the informants. Internal reconstruction methods were used to describe the hypotheses of ancient forms spoken by the community in the study area. In conclusion, the reconstruction results showed that the Ancient Northern Hulu Perak Dialect (ANHPD) has 4 vowels and 18 ancient consonants, whereby direct retention of the vocal and the reduction of one consonant from the Proto Melayik. Furthermore, the results also demonstrated that ANHPD was handed down directly into all nine variants. Therefore, the state demarcation in Malaysia at present cannot be used as a basis for any research on the history of Malay dialect due to their relation to the ancient social factors.

Keywords: Ancient Northern Hulu Perak Dialect; historical linguistics; Hulu Perak; Patani; phoneme reconstruction.