Emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and psychological well-being: Impact on society

Nurshahira Ibrahim, Norhapizah Mohd Burhan, Asjad Mohamed, Maziah Mahmud, Sakinatul Raadiyah Abdullah

Abstract


Mental health issues are frequently ignored and overlooked by society because they cannot be physically expressed. Furthermore, this perception has long been entrenched in the Malaysian society as the stigma against individuals who suffer from this problem remains at the same level even though awareness about mental health issues has spread significantly. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and psychological well-being among counseling clients in one of the government agencies in Pahang, Malaysia, during the Covid-19 pandemic. A total of 157 counseling clients answered the questionnaire. SmartPLS was used to evaluate the data content of the questionnaire and test the research hypotheses. The results of the analysis yielded several significant findings. First, there was a positive and significant relationship between emotional intelligence (i.e., self-awareness, social awareness and emotional receptivity) and spiritual intelligence. Second, there is a positive and significant relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being. Third, there is a positive and significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and psychological well-being. Fourth, there is a positive and significant relationship between emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and psychological well-being. The findings of this study confirmed the important role of spiritual intelligence as a mediating variable in the relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being. Furthermore, the findings of this study can be used as essential recommendations to help practitioners understand the diversity of perspectives on the construct of emotional intelligence and develop a spiritual intelligence management plan in counseling sessions to help those with mental issues achieve and maintain their emotional well-being in daily life.

Keywords: Counseling, Covid-19, emotional intelligence, psychological well-being, SmartPLS, spiritual intelligence


Keywords


Counseling; Covid-19; emotional intelligence; psychological well-being; SmartPLS; spiritual intelligence

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdalla, S. G., & Ahmed, M. Z. (2018). The mediation of spiritual intelligence and forgiveness in relationship between stress coping strategies and well-being in a structural model. Journal of Educational & Psychological Sciences, 19(1), 225-270.

Abdollahzadeh, H., Baqherpour, M., Bozhmehrani, S., & Lotfi, M. (2009). Spiritual intelligence: concepts, measurements and its applications. Tehran: Ravansanji Publications.

Al-Ghazali Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad. (1994). Majmu’ah Rasa’ilal-Imam al-Ghazali. Lubnan: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiah.

Ardhiana, P., Warsono., Yoyok, S., Erny, R., & Heru, S. (2020). The effects of intelligence, emotional, rohani and adversity quotient on the graduates quality in Surabaya shipping polytechnic. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(3), 1075- 1087.

Bar-On, R. (2006). The bar-on model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema, 18, 13-25.

Cooper, R. K., & Sawaf, A. (1997). Executive eq: emotional intelligence in leadership and organizations. New York: Grosseflutnam.

Eikhwan Ali, & Mahirah, A. R. (2020). Pandemik Covid-19: Mendepani impak psikososisal. Perspektif, 11/2020.

Emmons, A. R. (2000). Spirituality and intelligence: problems and prospects. The international journal for the psychology of religion, 10(1), 57– 64.

Emmons, R. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns: motivation and rohaniity in personality. New York: Gilford Press.

Fereshteh, B., Mashad, M., & Tahereh, G. B. (2019). Predicting students’ subjective well-being and its subscales based on spiritual intelligence. International Journal of Psychology, 13(2), 89-108.

Fisher, J. (2010). Development and application of a spiritual well-being questionnaire called SHALOM. Religions, 1(1), 105-121.

Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter Than IQ. New York: Bantam Books.

Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. London: Bloomsbury.

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Second Edition. Los Angeles. Sage.

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of the partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. New Challenges to International Marketing Advances in International Marketing, 20, 277-319.

Ivtzan, I., Chan C. P., Gardner, H. E., & Prashar, K. (2013). Linking religion and spirituality with psychological well-being: Examining self-actualization, meaning in life, and personal growth initiative. J Relig Health, 52(3), 915-929. doi:10.1007/s10943-011-9540-2.

Joonna Samul (2020). Emotional and rohani intelligence of future leaders: Challenges for education. Educ. Sci., 10 (178), 1-10.

Jung, J. H. (2014). Religious attendance, stress, and happiness in South Korea: Do gender and religious affiliation matter? Social Indicators Research, 118(3), 1125–1145.

Lomand, T. C. (2016). Social science research: a cross section of journal articles for discussion & evaluation. Routledge.

McGarvey, R. (1997). Final score: Get more from employees by upping your EQ. Entrepreneur, 25(7), 78-81.

Md. Aftab, A., Aahad, M. O. G., & Muhammad Sabbir, R. (2018). Effects of rohani intelligence from islamic perspective on emotional intelligence. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(1), 216-232.

Melley, M. M., Getrude, C., & Stephencie, S. (2019). The effects of spiritual intelligence on academic achievement and psychological well-being of youths in Kanibungan Village, Pitas. Southeast Asia Psychology Journal, 9, 1-14.

Najib, A. M., Azlizamani, Z., & Ummi Habibah, A. R. (2018). Emotional intelligence and psychological well-being among hearing-impaired: Does it relates? MATEC Web of Conferences (2018).

Noradilah Md Nordin & Mansor Abu Talib. (2009). Kesunyian dan kesejahteraan psikologi di kalangan pelajar universiti di Malaysia. Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 23, 27-37.

Norhayati, Y. (2018). Kajian terhadap faktor kemurungan. Open University Malaysia: Batu Pahat, Johor.

Nurul Sofiah, A. A. M., Noraini, A. R., & Mohd Sufien, H. (2020). Peranan kesihatan mental sebagai moderator terhadap kecenderungan bunuh diri. Malaysian Journal of Social Science, 5(1), 87-99.

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioural research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.

Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? explorations on the meaning of psychological well being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.

Said, A. K., Babak, H., Ali, A. S., & Jamal, S. (2020). Mediating role of spiritual intelligence in the relationship between perfectionism and life expectancy among administrators of Azad University in Mazandaran Province. Religion and Health, Spring & Summer, 8(1), 49-56.

Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, cognition, and personality, 9, 185-211.

Sandhya, M., & Namrata, S. (2013). Development of the emotional intelligence scale. International Journal of Management & Information Technology, 8(1), 1252-1264.

Sayeeda, S., & Hameeda, S. (2016). Emotional intelligence in relation to psychological well-being among students. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(4), 206-213.

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons.

Seyed Ali, M. K., Naeimeh, N., Zahra, A., & Elahe, D. (2014). Spiritual intelligence and life satisfaction among married and unmarried females. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2, 172-177.

Siti Zunariah, M. S. (2013). Model struktur pengaruh kecerdasan emosi dan kecerdasan spiritual terhadap kepimpinan transformasi ketua jabatan akademik. Desertasi Doktor Falsafah, Fakulti Pendidikan, UiTM. Malaysia. Ogos 2013.

Suriani, S., & Rosni, W. (2015). Kecerdasan spiritual: kupasan menurut perspektif hadis. International Conference on Aqidah, Dakwah And Syariah 2015 (IRSYAD2015), Kuala Lumpur, 12th-13th October 2015.

Vaughan, F. (2002). What is spiritual intelligence? Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(2), 16-33.

Zohar, D., & Marshall, I. (2000). SQ: Connecting with our spiritual intelligence. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.