Analisis trend suhu jangka masa panjang dan hubungannya dengan perkembangan kawasan bandar di Pulau Pinang (Analysis of long-term temperature trend and its relationship with urban expansion in Penang Island)
Abstract
Kawasan bandar memainkan peranan penting dalam perubahan trend suhu jangka masa panjang. Terdapat banyak kajian yang dijalankan di seluruh dunia berkaitan hubungan antara perubahan guna tanah dengan peningkatan suhu permukaan. Kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti hubungan antara perkembangan bandar dan trend suhu jangka masa panjang di bahagian pulau, Pulau Pinang dengan menggunakan peta guna tanah digital yang diperolehi daripada Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia. Dalam kajian ini, perkembangan bandar Pulau Pinang dari tahun 1966 hingga 2015 telah dianalisis. Trend suhu jangka masa panjang juga dianalisis dengan menggunakan kaedah Mann-Kendall dan Sen's Slope. Imej satelit juga digunakan dalam analisis suhu sebagai sumber tambahan bagi menyokong hasil kajian. Akhirnya, hubungan antara perkembangan bandar dan juga suhu telah dikenal pasti dengan menggunakan analisis korelasi. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa bahagian pulau, negeri Pulau Pinang telah mengalami proses urbanisasi yang pesat sejak dari tahun 1966 hingga 2015, di mana kadar bagi keseluruhan perkembangan bandar adalah 134.22%. Indeks suhu (Tmin, Tmax, dan Tmean) menunjukkan trend meningkat yang ketara pada kadar 0.19 ℃/dekad, 1.2 ℃/dekad dan 0.3 ℃/dekad. Tmin dan Tmean pula mempunyai korelasi yang signifikan dan kuat terhadap perkembangan kawasan bandar. Imej satelit yang dianalisis juga menunjukkan catatan suhu tinggi pada kawasan bandar. Hal ini menunjukkan bahawa terdapat hubungan yang kuat antara perkembangan bandar dengan kenaikan suhu di bahagian pulau, negeri Pulau Pinang. Namun, terdapat juga faktor lain yang mengakibatkan catatan suhu yang tinggi. Hal ini kerana, pada tahun 2008 hingga 2015 suhu tetap meningkat walaupun pembangunan semakin menurun. Oleh itu, dapat dikatakan bahawa terdapat juga faktor lain yang menyumbang kepada peningkatan suhu di bahagian pulau seperti perubahan iklim dunia.
Kata kunci: Perkembangan bandar, Pulau Pinang, satelit, suhu jangka masa panjang
Urban areas play an important role in changing long-term temperature trends. There are many studies conducted around the world related to land use change and the increase in surface temperature. This study also aims to identify the relationship between urban development and long-term temperature trends in the island part of Penang by using digital land use maps obtained from the Malaysian Department of Agriculture. In this study, the development of the city of Penang from 1966 to 2015 was analyzed. Then, long-term temperature trends were also analyzed using the Mann-Kendall and Sen's Slope methods. Satellite images are also used in temperature analysis as an additional source to support the study results. Finally, the relationship between urban development and temperature has been ascertained using correlation analysis. The results of this study show that the island part of the state of Penang has experienced a rapid urbanization process from 1966 to 2015, where the rate of overall urban development is 134.22%. Then, the temperature index (Tmin, Tmax, and Tmean) shows a significant increasing trend at the rate of 0.19 ℃/decade, 1.2 ℃/decade and 0.3 ℃/decade. Then, Tmin and Tmean have a significant and strong correlation to the development of urban areas. Analyzed satellite images also show high temperatures recorded in urban areas. This shows that there is a strong relationship between urban development and temperature rise in the island, Penang state. However, there are also other factors that cause high temperature records. This is because, from 2008 to 2015 the temperature kept rising even though development was decreasing. Therefore, it can be said that there are other factors that contribute to the increase in temperature on the island such as climate change.
Keywords: Urban expansion, Penang Island, satellite, long term temperature
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