Seni bela diri Dayak Iban: Kajian tentang Kuntau di Sarawak Borneo (The Dayak Iban martial art: A study on Kuntau in Sarawak Borneo)
Abstract
Kuntau didefinisikan sebagai “tinju Dayak” dan ia merupakan rekod terawal digunakan oleh pengkaji barat tentang kuntau yang merupakan sebuah seni bela diri dalam masyarakat Dayak Iban khasnya kaum lelaki. Namun begitu, disebabkan oleh arus perubahan misalnya kewujudan kehidupan yang selamat di Sarawak kerana pihak polis dan tentera telah berjaya mengekalkan keamanan dan kedamaian, pengamal kuntau jarang mempraktikkan kemahiran mereka dalam konteks membela diri. Akan tetapi, kemahiran seni bela diri kuntau telah menjadi satu simbol kebudayaan yang diterjemahkan kepada aktiviti berkuntau seperti untuk tujuan persembahan dan demonstrasi semasa pembukaan majlis kebudayaan dan Gawai Dayak. Ekoran itu, penyelidikan tentang kuntau Iban oleh pasukan penyelidik ini telah dijalankan dengan tujuan menambahkan dan mendokumentasikan seni mempertahankan diri masyarakat Iban di Bahagian Kuching, Samarahan dan Sri Aman. Antara aspek yang dikaji merangkumi usaha-usaha yang digunakan untuk memelihara kuntau, pantang larang berkaitan, perubahan pada seni membela diri, persepsi, aspirasi dan harapan terhadap kuntau. Pendekatan dalam penyelidikan ini bertunjangkan constructivism-interpretivism yang melibatkan pembentukan ilmu pengetahuan tentang kuntau oleh para penyelidik dan responden dalam pembinaan atau pentadbiran soalselidik; dan temubual antara penyelidik dan informan yang merupakan pengamal atau guru kuntau. Dapatan kajian mendapati bahawa keperluan sebenar kuntau telah berubah seiring dengan perubahan zaman daripada seni pertahanan diri kepada sebuah bentuk persembahan atau demonstrasi. Sebagai sebuah warisan budaya tidak ketara, kuntau mempunyai potensi untuk diangkat sebagai warisan budaya Dayak Iban kerana seni mempertahankan diri ini terdapat dalam masyarakat Dayak lain seperti masyarakat Bidayuh dan Kenyah. Maka, usaha yang berterusan untuk mengekalkan seni pertahanan diri ini haruslah dititikberatkan agar seni warisan ini tidak hilang dek zaman.
Kata Kunci: Dayak Iban, Kuntau, Sarawak, seni pertahanan diri, warisan
Kuntau is defined as "Dayak boxing" and this is the earliest record used by western researchers about the martial art of the Dayak Iban community, especially the men. Due to a peaceful life in Sarawak as the police and the army have managed to maintain peace and order, kuntau practitioners rarely practice their skills in the context of self-defense. Instead, their martial art skills have been translated into cultural symbols for the purpose of performances or demonstration during the opening of socio-cultural events such as Gawai Dayak. The research on kuntau Dayak Iban carried out with the aim of adding and documenting the kuntau of the Iban community in Kuching, Samarahan and Sri Aman Divisions. Among the aspects studied include the efforts used to preserve kuntau, kuntau-related taboos, transformation, perceptions, aspirations and hopes for kuntau. This research relies on constructivism-interpretivism which involves the formation of knowledge about kuntau by researchers and respondents in the construction or administration of questionnaires; and the interviews between researchers and respondents including practitioners of kuntau. The findings of the study highlighted the actual needs of kuntau had changed along with the changing times from purely self-defense to the function of performance. As an intangible cultural heritage, kuntau has the potential to be raised as a Dayak Iban cultural heritage because this martial art is found in other Dayak communities such as the Bidayuh community and Kenyah. Therefore, the continuous effort to maintain this art of self-defense should be emphasized so that this art of heritage is not lost through the ages.
Keywords: Dayak Iban, Kuntau, Sarawak, self defense art, in-tangible heritage
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