CLASSIFICATION OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION: FROM AL-GHAZĀLĪ TO AL-FAṬĀNĪ (Klasifikasi Ilmu dalam Peradaban Islam: Dari al-Ghazālī Sehingga al-Faṭānī)

Muhammad Khatib Johari, Roziah Sidik @ Mat Sidek, Norshariani Abd Rahman, Abdul Latif Samian, Mohd Yusof Hj Othman

Abstract


ABSTRACT

Intellectual discourse on classification of knowledge is a sub-topic in epistemology. In Islamic tradition, the philosophy of epistemology has its own uniqueness, besides being a distinguishing landmark in historical perspective between the Islamic and other civilizations. This study attempts to understand the concept of knowledge classification based on the perspectives of Abu Ḥāmid Muḥammad (hereafter mentioned as al-Ghazālī) (d. 1111CE) and Aḥmad bin Muḥammad Zayn (hereafter mentioned as al-Faṭānī) (d. 1908CE). In order to relate the purpose and objectives of knowledge to the Islamic Civilization, this study will identify the continuation of the idea on classification of knowledge in historical perspective. In addition, the comparison is to understand the connection between the classical knowledge classification in the Middle East to contemporary classification in the Malay World. Understanding al-Ghazālī’s perspective based on primary and secondary resources found that the general classification divided knowledge into two major categories, namely, ʿilm muʿāmalah (knowledge/science of transactions/proper conduct) and ʿilm mukāshafah (knowledge/science of unveiling). al-Faṭānī’s concept of classification was understood through his work entitled Fatāwā al-Faṭāniyyah which discussed 107 fatwas. Early content analysis of al-Faṭānī’s works showed that he indirectly followed the classification of knowledge conceived by al-Ghazali. This study is important to understand the role of knowledge as an essential foundation of the Islamic Civilization and its relevance to Islamization of contemporary knowledge.

ABSTRAK

Wacana ilmiah berkenaan klasifikasi ilmu adalah sebuah sub-topik dalam bidang epistemologi. Dalam tradisi Islam, falsafah epistemologinya mempunyai keunikan tersendiri di samping menjadi mercu tanda bagi membezakan ketamadunan Islam dengan tamadun lain dalam perspektif sejarah. Kajian ini cuba untuk memahami konsep klasifikasi ilmu berdasarkan kepada perspektif Abu Ḥāmid Muḥammad (kemudian disebut sebagai al-Ghazālī) (m. 1111M) dan Aḥmad bin Muḥammad Zayn (kemudian disebut sebagai al-Faṭānī) (m. 1908M). Bagi mengaitkan tujuan serta matlamat ilmu di dalam Peradaban Islam, kajian ini akan mengenal pasti kelangsungan gagasan mengenai klasifikasi ilmu dalam perspektif sejarah. Selain itu, perbandingannya adalah bertujuan untuk memahami hubungan antara pemahaman klasik di Timur Tengah dengan kontemporari di Alam Melayu. Pemahaman terhadap perspektif al-Ghazālī berdasarkan sumber primer dan sekunder telah mendapati bahawa pengkelasan umum bagi ilmu telah dibahagikan kepada dua klasifikasi utama iaitu ilmu muʿāmalah dan ilmu mukāshafah. Seterusnya, konsep klasifikasi ilmu menurut al-Faṭānī difahami melalui karyanya yang bertajuk Fatāwā al-Faṭāniyyah yang membahas tentang 107 buah fatwa. Berdasarkan analisis awal, al-Faṭānī telah mengikuti klasifikasi ilmu pengetahuan yang telah digagaskan oleh al-Ghazālī secara tidak langsung. Kajian ini penting untuk memahami peranan ilmu sebagai tunjang asas yang sangat penting dalam Peradaban Islam dan kaitannya dengan pengIslaman ilmu kontemporari.


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JH-2021-1301-05

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