Religious Tolerance In Islamic Education: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

The rise of religious extremism underscores the critical role of Islamic education in fostering social harmony. ThisSystematic Literature Review (SLR) examines the diverse definitions, curricular integration, and pedagogical approachesto religious tolerance within Islamic education systems, as well as the challenges associated with their implementation.The review synthesises empirical studies, including content analysis, quasi-experimental designs, and qualitative casestudies, from Kuwait, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Iran. Data were drawn from curricula, textbooks, and the perspectivesof teachers and students to identify definitions, effective models and implementation barriers. Tolerance is broadlydefined as mutual respect and the rejection of coercion. Levels of integration vary by national context: comprehensivein Kuwait, limited in Indonesia and hegemonic in Iran. Inclusive Islamic Education (PAI) materials and Qur’an-basedpedagogical models in Indonesia have demonstrably enhanced student tolerance and reduced tendencies towardradicalism. Key challenges include high levels of student intolerance, curriculum weaknesses, state-imposed ideologicalconstraints, intolerant social media narratives and narrow interpretations of religious texts. Promoting religioustolerance through Islamic education is a complex undertaking. Despite several practical innovations, systemic gaps,restrictive state policies, and external radical influences continue to hinder holistic implementation. Future initiativesrequire comprehensive strategies that are contextually sensitive, particularly in the interpretation of religious texts andawareness of sociopolitical realities, to achieve genuine inclusivity.